cell cycle and mitosis Flashcards
what are the stages involved in the cell cycle?
interphase (G1, S, G2) M phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)
the general overview for how cells reproduce themselves is?
doubling everything in the cytoplasm
doubling the genome
splitting in half
the cell spends majority of time in what phase?
interphase
the S phase of interphase is when the cell actively replicates its?
genome
mitosis is when the cell is?
splitting cellular components such as genes and organelles into two halves
cytokinesis is when the cell?
physically splits into two daughter cells
cytokinesis begins and ends when?
begins near the end of anaphase and is completed during telophase
the more specialized a cell is, the least likely…
ability to replicate itself
ex: neurons, blood cells, cells on surface of skin
in order to specialized cells to reproduce, they need?
stem cells, which are less specialized cells used to replenish
what phase do some cells get permanently stuck in?
interphase
during interphase the genome is spread out so that the DNA is
accessible to the enzymes of replication
by the end of S phase, the nucleus contains
two complete copies of the genome, the cell has twice the normal amount of DNA
what are the phase mitosis is divided into?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
mnemonic for cell cycle and mitosis is
I Pee on the MAT
what happens in prophase?
genome condenses into densely packed chromosome to avoid tangling
46 chromosomes appear
sister chromatids*
nucleus disappears
spindle and kinetochore fibers appear
centriole pairs begin to move to opposite ends of the cell so that the cell has two MTOCs (asters)
*prometaphase
sister chromatids are what and appear in which phase?
prophase
they are identical copies of a chromosome, attached to each other at the centromere
prometaphase is what and occurs when?
occurs at the end of prophase and beginning of metaphase
it is when the nuclear envelope of the cell converts itself into tiny vesicles
what happens in metaphase?
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell forming the metaphase plate via spindle fibers that is attached to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid and to the MTOC at the opposite end of the cell
what happens in anaphase?
the spindle fibers shorten thus pulling the centromeres of each sister chromatid pair apart
the cell elongates and cytokinesis begins to form the cleavage furrow
the cleavage furrow is accomplished by?
a ring of microfilaments encircling the cell and contracting
what happens in telophase?
nuclear membrane forms around the bunch of chromosomes at end each of the cell
the chromosomes decondense
nucleolus appears within each new daughter nucleus
cytokinesis is complete and cell is split into two
karyotype is a display of? and how is it obtained?
organism’s genome
cell is frozen during metaphase and chromosomes are stained
homologous pairs are put together
genome is examined for abnormalities
homologous chromosomes are
equivalent but nonidentical and do not come anywhere near each other during mitosis
