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MCAT biology > anatomy and physiology of endocrine system > Flashcards

anatomy and physiology of endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

a signal of the endocrine system is?

A

hormone

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2
Q

a hormone is?

A

molecule which is secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland and effects specific distant target cells possessing the appropriate receptor

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3
Q

an endocrine gland is?

A

ductless gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to the region

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4
Q

a hormone receptor is?

A

polypeptide that possess a ligand-specific binding site

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5
Q

autocrine activity is defined as?

A

some signaling molecules modify the activity of the cell which secreted them

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6
Q

an example of autocrine activity is?

A

T cell secretes interleukin 2 which binds to receptor on the same T cell to stimulate increased activity

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7
Q

hydrophilic hormones are grouped as? and bind where?

A

peptides and amino acid derivatives

they bind to receptors on cell surface

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8
Q

hydrophobic hormones are grouped as? and bind where?

A

steroid hormones

they bind to receptors in the cellular interior

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9
Q

peptide hormones are synthesized into?

A

rough ER and modified in golgi and stored in vesicles until needed and are released by exocytosis

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10
Q

the hydrophilicity of peptide hormones means?

A

in the bloodstream they dissolve in the plasma membrane and they cannot cross biological membranes thus require to communicate with the interior of the target by a second messenger

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11
Q

the two subgroups of peptide hormones are?

A

polypeptides and amino acid derivatives

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12
Q

an example of polypeptide hormones is?

A

insulin

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13
Q

insulin is secreted by what and why?

A

secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets of langerhans in response to elevated blood glucose levels

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14
Q

an example of amino acid derivative hormone is?

A

tyrosine which is the parent amino acid for the catecholamines (epinephrine) and thyroid hormones

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15
Q

steroid hormones are synthesized from?

A

cholesterol in the smooth ER

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16
Q

the hydrophobicity of steroid hormones means?

A

they can freely diffuse through biological membranes thus are not stored but made when needed
they cannot dissolve in the plasma thus travel through it via proteins such as albumin

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17
Q

steroid hormones exert their effect upon target cells by?

A

diffusing through plasma membrane to bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm
it is then transported into the nucleus where it acts as sequence-specific regulator of transcription

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18
Q

steroids regulate?

A

sexuality, reproduction, and development

water balance and other processes of adrenal cortex

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19
Q

tropic hormones ares ones that?

A

superimpose upon hormonal regulation of physiological endpoints is another layer of regulation
*hormones that secrete hormones

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20
Q

example of tropic hormone is ACTH which does?

A

ATCH role is to stimulate increased activity of the adrenal cortex which is responsible for cortisol

21
Q

what portion of the brain controls the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus by releasing tropic hormones called releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones

22
Q

example of hypothalamus release is?

A

secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) which causes the increase of ACTH thus increasing cortisol or vice versa of inhibiting it

23
Q

the hypothalamic-pituitary control axis is?

A

the hypothalamus exerts its control of the pituitary by secreting hormones into bloodstream

24
Q

the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is controlled by?

A

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (tropic hormones specifically)

25
Q

the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is?

A

composed of axons that descend from hypothalamus and function so hypothalamus neurons can send axons down
such as neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones into bloodstream

26
Q

example hormone of posterior pituitary are?

A

ADH which cause water retention in kidneys

oxytocin for milk let down and uterine contractions in labor

27
Q

growth hormone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
increase bone and muscle growth by increasing cell turnover rate

28
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
target thyroid and increases synthesis and release of thyroid hormone (TH)

29
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

30
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
targets ovary for ovulation
targets testes for testosterone synthesis

31
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
targets ovary for follicle development
targets testes for spermatogenesis

32
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
posterior pituitary
targets kidney for water retention

33
Q

oxytocin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
posterior pituitary
targets breast for milk let down
targets uterus for labor contractions

34
Q

thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

modified amino acid hormone
thyroid
targets in child for physical and mental development
targets in adults for increase metabolic rate and temperature

35
Q

calcitonin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
thyroid
targets bones and kidney to lower serum of calcium concentration

36
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
parathyroid
targets bone, kidney, small intestine to increase serum of calcium concentration

37
Q

thymosin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
thymus (children only)
T cell development during childhood

38
Q

epinephrine
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

modified amino acid hormone
adrenal medulla
sympathetic stress response (rapid)

39
Q

cortisol
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

steroid hormone
adrenal cortex
long term stress response that increase blood glucose concentration, increase protein catabolism, decrease inflammation and immunity

40
Q

aldosterone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

steroid hormone
adrenal cortex
targets kidney to increase sodium absorption to increase blood pressure

41
Q

insulin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
endocrine pancreas (islets of langerhans)
secreted by beta cells to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase glycogen and fat storage

42
Q

glucagon
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
endocrine pancreas
secreted by alpha cells to increase blood glucose concentration and decrease glycogen and fat storage

43
Q

somatostatin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
endocrine pancreas
secreted by S cells to inhibit many digestive processes

44
Q

testosterone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

steroid hormone
testes
male characteristics and spermatogenesis

45
Q

estrogen
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

steroid hormone
ovaries/placenta
female characteristics and endometrial growth

46
Q

progesterone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

steroid hormone
ovaries/placenta
endometrial secretion and pregnancy

47
Q

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
heart
targets kidney to increase urination to decrease blood pressure

48
Q

erythropoietin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?

A

peptide hormone
kidney
targets bone marrow to increase RBC synthesis

MCAT biology (13 decks)

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