anatomy and physiology of endocrine system Flashcards
a signal of the endocrine system is?
hormone
a hormone is?
molecule which is secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland and effects specific distant target cells possessing the appropriate receptor
an endocrine gland is?
ductless gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to the region
a hormone receptor is?
polypeptide that possess a ligand-specific binding site
autocrine activity is defined as?
some signaling molecules modify the activity of the cell which secreted them
an example of autocrine activity is?
T cell secretes interleukin 2 which binds to receptor on the same T cell to stimulate increased activity
hydrophilic hormones are grouped as? and bind where?
peptides and amino acid derivatives
they bind to receptors on cell surface
hydrophobic hormones are grouped as? and bind where?
steroid hormones
they bind to receptors in the cellular interior
peptide hormones are synthesized into?
rough ER and modified in golgi and stored in vesicles until needed and are released by exocytosis
the hydrophilicity of peptide hormones means?
in the bloodstream they dissolve in the plasma membrane and they cannot cross biological membranes thus require to communicate with the interior of the target by a second messenger
the two subgroups of peptide hormones are?
polypeptides and amino acid derivatives
an example of polypeptide hormones is?
insulin
insulin is secreted by what and why?
secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets of langerhans in response to elevated blood glucose levels
an example of amino acid derivative hormone is?
tyrosine which is the parent amino acid for the catecholamines (epinephrine) and thyroid hormones
steroid hormones are synthesized from?
cholesterol in the smooth ER
the hydrophobicity of steroid hormones means?
they can freely diffuse through biological membranes thus are not stored but made when needed
they cannot dissolve in the plasma thus travel through it via proteins such as albumin
steroid hormones exert their effect upon target cells by?
diffusing through plasma membrane to bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm
it is then transported into the nucleus where it acts as sequence-specific regulator of transcription
steroids regulate?
sexuality, reproduction, and development
water balance and other processes of adrenal cortex
tropic hormones ares ones that?
superimpose upon hormonal regulation of physiological endpoints is another layer of regulation
*hormones that secrete hormones
example of tropic hormone is ACTH which does?
ATCH role is to stimulate increased activity of the adrenal cortex which is responsible for cortisol
what portion of the brain controls the endocrine system?
hypothalamus by releasing tropic hormones called releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones
example of hypothalamus release is?
secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) which causes the increase of ACTH thus increasing cortisol or vice versa of inhibiting it
the hypothalamic-pituitary control axis is?
the hypothalamus exerts its control of the pituitary by secreting hormones into bloodstream
the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is controlled by?
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (tropic hormones specifically)
the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is?
composed of axons that descend from hypothalamus and function so hypothalamus neurons can send axons down
such as neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones into bloodstream
example hormone of posterior pituitary are?
ADH which cause water retention in kidneys
oxytocin for milk let down and uterine contractions in labor
growth hormone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
increase bone and muscle growth by increasing cell turnover rate
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
target thyroid and increases synthesis and release of thyroid hormone (TH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex
luteinizing hormone (LH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
targets ovary for ovulation
targets testes for testosterone synthesis
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
anterior pituitary
targets ovary for follicle development
targets testes for spermatogenesis
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
posterior pituitary
targets kidney for water retention
oxytocin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
posterior pituitary
targets breast for milk let down
targets uterus for labor contractions
thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
modified amino acid hormone
thyroid
targets in child for physical and mental development
targets in adults for increase metabolic rate and temperature
calcitonin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
thyroid
targets bones and kidney to lower serum of calcium concentration
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
parathyroid
targets bone, kidney, small intestine to increase serum of calcium concentration
thymosin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
thymus (children only)
T cell development during childhood
epinephrine
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
modified amino acid hormone
adrenal medulla
sympathetic stress response (rapid)
cortisol
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
steroid hormone
adrenal cortex
long term stress response that increase blood glucose concentration, increase protein catabolism, decrease inflammation and immunity
aldosterone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
steroid hormone
adrenal cortex
targets kidney to increase sodium absorption to increase blood pressure
insulin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
endocrine pancreas (islets of langerhans)
secreted by beta cells to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase glycogen and fat storage
glucagon
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
endocrine pancreas
secreted by alpha cells to increase blood glucose concentration and decrease glycogen and fat storage
somatostatin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
endocrine pancreas
secreted by S cells to inhibit many digestive processes
testosterone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
steroid hormone
testes
male characteristics and spermatogenesis
estrogen
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
steroid hormone
ovaries/placenta
female characteristics and endometrial growth
progesterone
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
steroid hormone
ovaries/placenta
endometrial secretion and pregnancy
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
heart
targets kidney to increase urination to decrease blood pressure
erythropoietin
is what type of hormone class?
from what gland?
and has what target and effect?
peptide hormone
kidney
targets bone marrow to increase RBC synthesis
