anatomy and physiology of nervous system Flashcards
sensory function and motor function is carried out by which nervous system?
peripheral nervous sytsem
integrative function (processing) is carried out by which nervous system?
central nervous system
motor neurons carry information from what to where?
from the nervous system toward organs that act upon that information, these are effectors (muscles and glands)
efferent neurons carry information from what to where?
away from CNS and innervate effectors
afferent neurons carry information from what to where?
toward the CNS
reflexes are what?
involuntary direct motor response to sensory input which occurs without conscious thought
monosynaptic reflex arc involves what?
only two neurons and one synapse
reciprocal inhibition involves?
concurrent relaxation of hamstring and contraction of the quadriceps
the CNS involves what?
brain and spinal cord
the PNS into what two divisions?
somatic and automatic
the automatic system is divided into what two divisions?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
the somatic system functions for?
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
the autonomic system functions for?
involuntary control of glands, smooth and cardiac muscles
the sympathetic system functions as?
fight or flight
the parasympathetic system functions as?
rest and digest
the PNS involves what anatomical structures?
all other axons, dendrites, and cell bodies
ganglia are?
somas located outside the CNS that are found in bunches
what are the three subdivisions of the brain?
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
forebrain (prosencephalon)
the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) includes?
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
medulla functions are?
regulates vitals such as blood pressure and digestive function
pons functions are?
coordinates movement, plays a role in balance and antigravity posture
cerebellum functions are?
complex movements such as hand eye coordination and balance
regulates vestibular apparatus in the inner ear which monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity
the midbrain (mesencephalon) functions are?
relay visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system
as well as arousal and wakefulness
the forebrain (prosencephalon) includes what structures?
diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
telencephalon: left and right hemispheres
the thalamus functions are?
relay and processes sensory information
the hypothalamus functions are?
controlling emotion and autonomic functions
hormone production and release and is primary link between nervous and endocrine system
the cerebral hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of axons called?
corpus callosum
the largest part of the brain is?
cerebrum
the hemispheres consists of an outer layer of gray matter called?
cerebral cortex
the four lobes of the cerebral cortex are?
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
the frontal lobe functions to?
initiate all voluntary movements
complex reasoning skills
problem solving
the parietal lobe functions to?
general sensation (touch, temperature, pressure, vibration) gustation (taste)
the temporal lobe functions to?
auditory and olfactory sensation
STM
language comprehension
emotion
the occipital lobe functions to?
visual sensation
the basal nuclei is located where and function as?
composed of gray matter and located deep within the cerebral hemispheres
help with voluntary motor control
procedural learning related to habits
the basal nuclei is located where and function as?
between the cerebrum and diencephalon
includes amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus
emotion and memory
how many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves are there?
12 cranial
31 spinal
the vagus nerve is an important cranial nerve that?
effect the heart and GI tract to decrease heart rate and increase GI activity
all somatic motor neurons have what characteristics?
innervate skeletal muscle cells
use ACh
have their cell bodies in the brain stem or ventral portion of spinal cord
all somatic sensory neurons have what characteristics?
long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor toward the soma (located outside of CNS in dorsal root ganglion)
dorsal root ganglion are?
cell bodies located dorsally to spinal cord for each segment of the spinal cord
preganglionic neuron of the autonomic PNS functions as?
cell body is in the brainstem or spinal cord
sends an axon to an autonomic ganglion which is outside the spinal column
postganglionic neuron of the autonomic PNS functions as?
sends an axon to an effector
all autonomic preganglionic and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
in the sympathetic system (fight/flight):
location of preganglionic soma?
preganglionic axon neurotransmitter length?
ganglia?
postganlionic axons?
thoracolumbar
short ACh
close to cord, far from target
long NE
in the parasympathetic system: location of preganglionic soma? preganglionic axon neurotransmitter length? ganglia? postganlionic axons?
craniosacral
long ACh
far from cord, close to target
short ACh
the adrenal gland are located above the kidneys and is important for secreting?
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
some sex hormones
sympathetic system stimulates adrenal gland to release?
epinephrine aka adrenaline
