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psychology A > Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Sensation And Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is information?

A

Anything that reduces uncertainty

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2
Q

What is sensation?

A

Awareness resulting from stimulation of sense organ

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3
Q

What is perception?

A

The organisation and interpretation of sensations

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4
Q

Psychophysicists

A

Psychologists that explore changes in physics state corresponding to changes in mental state

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to just barely detect it 50% of the time

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6
Q

Weber fechner law relies on the idea that we all have different threshold to the exact same stimulus at different times. What is the law?

A

Just noticeable different (JND) is NOT fixed. It is a constant proportion of the baseline against which the comparison is being made

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7
Q

Weber fraction

A

Delta l divided by l = k

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8
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Differentiates between two independent components that make up a person performance

  1. Sensory sensitivity (precision)
  2. Cognitive response (bias)
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9
Q

What limits sensory sensitivity?

A

Quality of organs

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10
Q

What influences someone’s decisions?

A

Confidence, motivation, desire to not miss a stimulus, desire to avoid incorrectly detecting a stimulus

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11
Q

What is signal detection theory helpful for?

A

It helps distinguish between a person sensitive and bias by combing their hit rate with their false alarm rate

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12
Q

Electrochemical activity

A

How the neutrons interact with environment

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13
Q

Senses detect:

A

Useful information through physical energy from the environment and convert into electrochemical activity

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14
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Conversation of physical energy into neural energy

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15
Q

Sensory receptors are:

A

Class of cells that perform sensory transduction

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16
Q

What are the three sensory receptors?

A

SES

Simple

Encapsulated

Specialised

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17
Q

Simple receptors describe and function

A

Free nerve endings

Dendrites exposes to raw environment - touch, pain and pressure

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18
Q

What are Unspecialised cell types

A

Different environmental stimuli can elicit them / making them imprecise

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19
Q

Encapsulated receptors

A

Neuron with specialised dendrites

More specialised than free nerve endings ie responds to rapid vibrations

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20
Q

Specialised receptors

A

Dendrites have been modified making them highly responsive to a specialised environmental stimulation

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21
Q

Specialised senses are:

A

Vision

Hearing

Smell

Taste

Balance

Touch and pain

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22
Q

Why did specialised senses develop?

A

Due to evolutionary past which needed to excel in a particular domain

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23
Q

Light

A

Photons of electromagnetic energy that oscillate with a particular wavelength

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24
Q

Wave length of light

A

Determine perceived colour

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25
Q

Amplitude of light

A

Determines its perceived intensity

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26
Q

What do photoreceptors consist of?

A

Rods and cones

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27
Q

What are the three cones and what are they sensitive to?

Where are they located and what do they do?

A

Red, green and blue

Sensitive to particular wave lengths

Densely packed in retina providing high resolution neural responses to a visual image

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28
Q

What do rods do? Where are they located?

A

More sensitive to light

Precedent in retina

Useful for at night

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29
Q

Explain the process of vision

A

Light refracted by cornea, enters pupil, refracted by lens to cast clear image in retina at the back of the eye

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30
Q

Accomodation is

A

Lens adjusting thickness to refractive power

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31
Q

What is more powerful lens or cornea? And what makes it more powerful?

A

Cornea more optically powerful than lens. Refracts incoming light to a far greater extent

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32
Q

Where are rod and cones located?

A

Deepest layer of retina

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33
Q

What are retinal ganglion cells and where are they located?

A

Axons of ganglion cells in retina carry visual information from each eye to brain by optic nerve

Located: upper most layer of retina

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34
Q

Optic nerve

A

Bundled axons of ganglion cells

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35
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

Area where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells leave the eye in the periphery of the eye

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36
Q

What do visual cortex neurons respond to? And what are they often refered to as as a result?

A 
Patterns of light and dark, direction of motion
Signal presence
Basic visual feature
Orientation
Width
Direction of motion

Detector neurons

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37
Q

Myopia

A

Only see objects close

Cornea/lens too strong or eyeball is too large

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38
Q

Hyperopia

A

Able to see object far

Cornea/lens too weak or eyeball is too small

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39
Q

Presbyopia

A

Lens unable to increase in thickness thus person can’t see nearby object as it moves closer

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40
Q

What fraction of people are deficient in their red or green cone?

A

1/50

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41
Q

What is ishihara?

A

Most widely used colour vision test

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42
Q

Key forms of visual

Information?

A

Colour

Form

Depth

Motion

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43
Q

How many colours can the 3 cones code for?

A

16 million

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44
Q

Trichromacy theory

A

The colour we perceive a colour to be depends on the relative activity of our three types of cones

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45
Q

Opponent process theory:

A

The colour we perceive depends on the relative activity of three pairings of colour sensitive neurons, in which the activity of one member of each pair inhibits activity of the other member of that pair

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46
Q

How do we perceive visual shapes?

A

By organising basic visual feature information by neuron of the visual cortex

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47
Q

Gestalt principles help the process of organising basic visual features of information provided by neurons of the visual cortex, what are they?

A

Group features into:
Figure vs ground object perception

Similar in shape
Close in coherent objects
In a way that favour continuity

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48
Q

What do Monocular depth cues do and what are they?

A

Guide the way in which visual information is perceived 3D if we are using one eye

Pictorial

Physiological

Motion

49
Q

Pictorial cues

A

Relative

Position/height
Relative size
Linear perspective
Light and shadow
Interposition/occlusion 
Aerial perspective
50
Q

Physiological cues to depth

A

Accomodation

51
Q

Explain binocular cues

A

When objects are close or further away from fixation point the two images start to diverge or converge. Specialised neuron invisual cortex compares inputs from each eye and Devine depth detectors

52
Q

What do motion detectors do?

A

Responds to any shape size, shape or pattern only when it is moving in a particular direction and at a particular speed

53
Q

Beta effect

A

Series of still images in quick succession with location change slight rah time - create illusion of fluid movement

54
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Two seperate images flicker on and off in alternation perceiving the illusion of motion between two images

55
Q

What is persistence of vision?

A

Activation of the motor neurons in the cortex

56
Q

What is sound?

A

Vibrational energy in the form of pressure wave emanating from
Some vibrating source

57
Q

How are pressure waves carried?

A

Air molecules

58
Q

What is amplitude of sound, how it is measured and how is it perceived?

A

Corresponds with intensity of sound and is measured in decibels and perceived as loudness

59
Q

What is frequency of sound? How is it measured? How is it perceived?

A

Perceived tone or pitch and measured as hertz - cycles per second

60
Q

What are mechanoreceptors

A

Each mechanoreceptor is a cilia that transducers vibrational energy into neural activity

61
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Cilia sit

62
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Cilia embedded

63
Q

How is sound carried?

A

Enter pinnae in ear canal causing tympanic membrane to vibrate which. Malleus, incus, stakes oscillated and amplified the sound. Stairs creates push pull on oval window of cochlea which causes vibrational energy to pass down basilar and tectorial membrane jerking back and forth results in electrochemical impulses from hair cell.

64
Q

How are. Shrine of auditory cortex arranges?

A

Tonitpically

65
Q

What does tonitopically

Mean?

A

Neurons of auditory cortex arranges like a keyboard with sensitivity to higher pitch move along surface of cortex towards back of brain

66
Q

What causes conductive hearing loss?

A

Inability for tympanic membrane to vibrate sufficiently or ina import for ossicles to transmit vibrations to cochlea

67
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Damage to cilia from prolonged loud noise

68
Q

Tinnitus

A

Bussing or ringing from damaged cilia

69
Q

How does a cochlear implant work?

A

Strip of electrode bypasses damaged cilia. Electrode implanted alongside basilar membrane and directly stimulates cochlear nerve cells

70
Q

What is binaural perceptual ability

A

Inputs fromcochlear nerve combine inputs from two ears. Beauties receive stimulation from both ears and allow us to compare sounds from two ears. 2D to 3D

71
Q

What does vibrational frequency correspond to?

A

Perceived pitch

72
Q

What is frequency theory?

A

Frequency of oscillation of the basilar membrane will produce the same frequency of the basilar membrane

73
Q

What is the maximum frequency one cilia can detect

A

100Hz

74
Q

What is the volley principle?

A

Between 100-400Hz results in ensembles of cilia firing in response to vibrations sound energy and collectively code the frequency of the sounds

75
Q

What is place theory?

A

Base of basilar
Membrane closest to ova
Window is stiffer than apex which is looser thus vibrates more

76
Q

Location of cilia on basilar membrane can code for up to what frequency?

A

20000 Hz

77
Q

What is detecting pure tones important?

A

Pure tones together produce complex vocalisation type sounds - speech sounds

78
Q

What is taste?

A

Chemicals dissolved in saliva

79
Q

What is smell

A

Airborne molecules

80
Q

What do chemoreceptors that makeup taste buds on the tongue do?

A

Transducer presence of chemicals dissolved into neural impulses

81
Q

What do chemoreceptors in each of the olfactory bulbs of the brain do?

A

Transducer presence of chemical in the air we inhale into neural
Impulses

82
Q

Why is lock and key insufficient to intimating electrochemical impulses?

A

Chemoreceptors in mouth and nose produce short lived response

Chemicals often get stuck in receptor site thus new chemicals cannot bind to site

83
Q

Taste bud and epithelial cells

A

Fastest growing cells in the body

Often absorbed back in the body and recycled

84
Q

Taste bud

A

Each bud is made up seperate receptor cells and supporting cells

85
Q

Taste pore

A

Exposed receptors of embedded taste bud and this is where sensory transduction occurs

86
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Receptors exposes to dissolved chemicals
In saliva turn into neural
Impulses

87
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

Extension of olfactory nerves into the olfactory membrane of each bulb

88
Q

What are at the end of each olfactory receptor cell?

A

Tendrils

89
Q

What do the tendrils do

A

They process receptor sites which airborne molecules bind and trigger neural impulses in tonthe receptor sites

90
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Cortical region devoted to processing taste information

91
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Cortical region devoted to processing odour information

92
Q

Both gustatory and olfactory are between temprable and frontal lobes what else does this connect them with?

A

Spatial information, spatial memories, things that are relevant to generating emotional responses to stimuli and emotions

93
Q

Why is it important that smells and taste are linked to memory?

A

Protect us from bad food
Fitness potential of mate
Infant

94
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

Chemical stimulus makes direct contact ie food in taste bud

95
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Location of chemical

Uncertain ie smell is airborne

96
Q

Types of energy sources

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical

97
Q

Mechanoreceptors in skin do:

A

Transducer pressure, vibration, stretch, texture

98
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Location: muscles, tendons, joints

Function: respond to position, movement and strain

99
Q

Most important proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindle organ

Golgi tendon

100
Q

Muscle spindle organ

A

Sits in normal muscle and responds to change in length of

Muscle

101
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Sit in tendon and responds to stretch and strain in tendon

102
Q

Function of mechanoreceptors in vestibular system

A

Detect rushing of fluid in canals due to movement of head

103
Q

Nocioreceptors

A

Free nerve endings in skin and throughout the body

104
Q

Which receptors does the spinal cord receive inputs from and where does it convey it?

A

Proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors send inputs to spinal cord and then conveys it to somatosensory cortex

105
Q

Reflex

A

Information from thermoreceptors go straight to spinal cord and not the brain

106
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

Neuronal signs for pain compete along the way to the brain with touch, pressure and vibration. Thus why we put pressure on something when it’s painful

107
Q

Nocebo

A

Experience of pain due to anticipation/expectation of administering painful stimulus

108
Q

Sensory process

A

Detect potentially useful info to form patterns of physical energy

109
Q

Perceptual processes

A

Organise information into coherent object precepts and then integrate this information with cognitive information

110
Q

Key feature of perception

A

Bottom up - occur automatically without cognitive effort (perceptual reflexes)

111
Q

Key features of perception

A

Requires integration with cognitive systems in order to achieve object understanding

112
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Perceptual problems - difficulty in organising objects that is greater than visual deficiency ie difficulty with object that are cluttered, shadowed etc

113
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Deficiency in the integration of perceptual information with cognitive information ie can discern between shapes, patterns and colour but can’t identify function of objects

114
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognise faces

115
Q

Integrative agnosia

A

Combination of associative and integrative agnosia

116
Q

Auditory agnosia

A

Can’t understand/recognise common sounds

117
Q

Tactile agnosia

A

Difficulty in recognising objects by touch

118
Q

Anosognoaia

A

Deficits in perceiving damage or illness in ones own body

psychology A (9 decks)

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