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psychology A > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

How many neurons in the nervous system?

A

10-100 billion

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2
Q

How many neurons does each neuron communicate with?

A

1000 neurons

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3
Q

What other cell is the brain comprised of and what do they do?

A

Glial cell - provide nutrients to neurons and structural support to nervous system

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4
Q

3 neuron functional levels are:

A

Motor
Sensory
Interneurons

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5
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Transmit sensory

Info from sensory receptor to brain for processing

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6
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmits info from brain to muscles, organs with instructions on how to function.

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7
Q

Describe and sensory and motor neuron:

A

Very long - toe all the way to brain

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

Make up most of neurons in brain. Transmit info from one neuron to another

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9
Q

Neuron parts

A

Dendrite, cell body, nucleus

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10
Q

Which parts of the neuron receive information from other neurons?

A

Dendrites and cell body

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11
Q

Cell body function

A

Where all important processing of neurons take place

Can receive information from other neurons in the body

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12
Q

Nucleus function

A

Inside cell body
Contains DNA
Control house for how the neuron is structured and functions

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13
Q

Dendrites function

A

Received information from other neurons

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14
Q

Axon

A

Extends like an arm from cell body

Transmits electrical signal from cell body to terminal buttons

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15
Q

Terminal

Buttons

A

Where information is converted to other neurons

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16
Q

Myelin

A

Axon interspersed with myelin (white matter)

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17
Q

Unmyelinated parts of axon are caked?

A

Node of ranvier

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18
Q

Axon hillock

A

(Shoulder to axon)

Connects cell body to axon

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19
Q

Which areas carry out the function action potential

A

Nodes of ranvier and axon hillock

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20
Q

Action potential

A

Propagates electrical signal from axon hillock to allow information to be transmitted to the dendrites of next cell

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21
Q

Gap between terminal buttons of the neuron and dendrites of next neuron is:

A

Synapse

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22
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

One projection from cell body. Dendrites or axon

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23
Q

Neuron structures

A

Unipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Prototypical neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron

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24
Q

Bi polar neuron describe and fiction

A

Two projections

Function: visual system

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25
Q

Prototypical neuron

A

Multipolar neuron (many projections)

Most common type of neuron

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26
Q

Pseudo unipolar neuron

A

Only one projection but has both dendrite and axon (T shape)

Function: long sensory and motor neurons travelling the length of the body

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27
Q

Grey matter

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

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28
Q

What is an example of white matter in the brain?

A

Corpus callosum
Communication between hemispheres of the brain - comprised entirely of axons spanning from one part of the brain to the other, thus white matter

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29
Q

How does communication occur

A

B

C

A

A - all info from dendrites culminate in cell body to determine whether or not to transmit (electrical signal)

B - info from axon hillock to terminal buttons (electrical signal)

C - electrical signal in thermal buttons becomes chemical allowing communication across synapse

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30
Q

Ion

A

Molecule or chemical with a positive or negative charge

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31
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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32
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

33
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of substance from high concentration to low concentration

34
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

Passive attraction of oppositely charged ions and repulsion of similarly charged ions

35
Q

Intercellular space

A

Inside of neuron

36
Q

Extra cellular space

A

Outside of neuron

37
Q

What makes the cell membrane semi-permeable ?

A

Opening and closing of ion channels that allow certain ions to go in and out

38
Q

How are ion channels open or closed?

A

Electrical signals

39
Q

Membrane potential is?

A

Charge inside neuron relative to outside

40
Q

Restating membrane potential

A

Intercellular space - negative charge

Extracellular space has positive charge

-70mV

41
Q

What is depolarising and how does it occur?

A

Charge becomes more positive due to excitatory signal

42
Q

What is hyperpolarise?

A

Inside of membrane becomes more negative and less positive

43
Q

What is received by dendrites and cell body?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory potential

44
Q

Cell body and dendrites send signals that cause what to happen happen?

A

Cell membrane manipulated and causes inhibitory or excitatory potential

45
Q

Graded potential

A

Dependent on inhibitory or excitatory signal

46
Q

Where are graded potential located?

A

Axons hillock - waiting for electrical signal and to have the net effect

47
Q

What causes a neuron to fire?

A

Net effect of excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials that converge at axon hillock

48
Q

Threshold of excitation (when the excitatory effect reaches a certain mV)

A

-55 to -65mV

49
Q

What triggers action potential?

A

Overall net effect of graded potential is excitatory and has a large enough magnitude to cause membrane to depolarise to -55 to -65

50
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Another name for synapse

51
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Neuron sending chemical signal

52
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

Neuron receiving chemical signal

53
Q

List the steps of neuron firing:

A

Electrical signal from presynaptic neuron propogates down axon —> through terminal buttons of presynaptic cell —> presynaptic cell releases chemicals into synapse —-> chemical traverse synapse and bind to post synaptic neuron—> post synaptic neuron either hyperpolarises or depolarises —-> post synaptic neuron causes excitatory or inhibitory potential

54
Q

ESPS and IPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

55
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are released by presynaptic neuron into synapse and bind to postsynaptic neuron

56
Q

What stores neurotransmitters?

A

Vesicles

57
Q

What triggers vesicles to move towards cell membrane, bind to membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synapse?

A

Terminal buttons

58
Q

What is it called when specific neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors?

A

Lock and key principle

59
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitter bonds to receptor in postsynaptic membrane?

A

It causes EPSP or IPSP by indirectly or directly opening up ion channels in membrane that changes concentration of positive and negative ions in cell

60
Q

How does the neutron know to stop releasing neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters can also bind to pre-synaptic neutrons to act as a feedback loop

61
Q

What happens to excess neurotransmitters?

A

Degrade by enzymes in the synapse to be recycled

62
Q

Effects of drugs 1.

A
  1. Increase or decrease synthesis of neurotransmitter in cell
63
Q

Effects of drugs 2

A

Could alter how much neurotransmitter is released by cell

64
Q

Effects of drugs 3

A

Influence amount of neurotransmitter in synapse by manipulating reuptake of neurotransmitter or the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitters

65
Q

Effects of drugs 4

A

Could increase or decrease amount of neurotransmitter receptors in post synaptic neuron

66
Q

Effects of drugs 5

A

Chemical could pretend to be a neurotransmitter and increase the number of receptors in the post synaptic neuron that are activated

67
Q

Glutamate

A

Function: often produce EPSPs

Implicates: epilepsy and seizures

Learning and memory

68
Q

GABA (gamma amino buteric acid)

A

IPSPs

Function: behaviour

Example: alcohol effects the GABA as it inhibits the frontal lobe of your brain which were suppose to control behaviour. Alcohol increases GABA functioning and increases inhibition by activating GABAergic neurotransmitters

69
Q

Which receptor site do drugs that put you to sleep or reduce anxiety target?

A

GABA

70
Q

Dopamine function

A

Activates reward pathway

Controls: emotions, motivations, Arousal, movement

71
Q

What can high level of dopamine be linked to?

A

Schizophrenia

72
Q

What can low levels of dopamine be linked to?

A

Parkinson’s

73
Q

Serotonin function

A

Regulation of sleep, mood, arousal, emotions and empathy

74
Q

What is low level of serotonin linked to?

A

Depression

75
Q

What is one way of increasing serotonin in synapse?

A

Drugs that block reuptake sites in presynaptic neuron thus increasing amount of serotonin that can bind to postsynaptic neuron

76
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Function: learning, memory, movement, muscle coordination

77
Q

What is acetylcholine linked to?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

78
Q

Endorphins

A

Reduce pain and influence mood

psychology A (9 decks)

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