Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology A > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is learning?

A

The process by which experiences of the world produce relatively sustained changes in behaviour of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is habituation?

A

The suppression of a reflexive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What theory is Ivan Pavlov known for?

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a reflex involve the pairing of?

A

Stimulus and response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

A

By presenting a presenting a neutral stimulus prior to unconditioned stimulus over time the organism will respond to the neutral stimulus thus becoming the conditioned stimulus

I.e ring bell (neutral stimulus) before food (unconditioned stimulus) eventually ringing bell will induce salivating (conditioned response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Exposure/trials to neutral

Stimulus and unconditioned stimulus together and learning how to perform them ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is single trial learning?

A

Based off one experience you now have a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is generalisation?

A

Similar stimuli produce a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

Unlearning a conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

Extinction doesn’t go away perfectly - conditioned stimulus returns after a week of being away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does spontaneous recovery and extinction highlight

A

That you need to keep pairing unconditioned stimulus with conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

Expose only to slightly scary things in exposure therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is flooding?

A

Exposing someone to the conditioned stimulus until

Their reaction is extinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does classical conditioning rely on?

A

The behaviours that already exist in response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is law of effect?

A

Positive consequences of a behaviour make it more likely and negative consequences of a behaviour make it less likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Operating conditioning

A

The likelihood of non reflexive behaviours occurring due to their consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are operants?

A

Non reflexive behaviour. They occur not in response to any particular stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are operant behaviours achieved?

A

Through reinforcement and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is positive punishment or positive reinforcement?

A

Giving something I.e smack or cuddle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is negative reinforcement or punishment?

A

Taking something away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Every time a behaviour is performed it is pos or negatively reinforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an example fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

A

Getting payed hourly to do your job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Variable interval reinforcement example?

A

Boss checking randomly to check you’re doing your job properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is ratio reinforcement?

A

Based on performance of behaviour rather than time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a fixed ratio example?

A

Getting a free coffee after every 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a variable ratio example?

A

Gambling. Relies on number of performances of good behaviour but is not a constant number. You don’t get s reward every time you gamble but you have to gamble
In order to get a reward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are variable ratio reinforcement schedules effective and more resistant to extinction?

A

If a reward come intermittently and then stops it will take longer to notice it has stopped hence conditioned stimulus remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is secondary conditioning?

A

Pairing a now conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus to condition and elicit a response I.e celebrity advertise product

30
Q

What is shaping?

A

Slowly making reward condition more specific. Complex behaviour so made up of simple behaviour so rewarding simple behaviour will get you closer to ideal behaviour

31
Q

What is successive approximation?

A

Behaviours that are increasingly close to the target behaviour

32
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning through watching others

33
Q

What is attention?

A

Focus and processing of information from the vast amount of information that is available to you through your senses, memory and cognitive process

34
Q

What is selective or focused attention?

A

Allows us to attend to only one Stosur of info while ignoring others

35
Q

What is the dichotic listening task?

A

Listening to one channel on one ear phone a d ignoring the other channel

36
Q

What is the cocktail part effect?

A

Even if people are listening to one channel they can still notice changes in the unattended channel

37
Q

What is serial processing?

A

In order to process several stimuli at the same time we need to go through each target one at a time to find the one with both features we are looking for

38
Q

What is executive control?

A

Mechanism that sets goals a priorities and directs the function of many of our cognitive processes

39
Q

Why aren’t memories very detailed?

A

We need to extract the general idea of them to apply to multiple situations - memories have to be flexible

40
Q

What is the purpose of working memory?

A

It’s temporarily holds information so you can continue with a sentence/maths equation etc

41
Q

What’s are the 4 components of working memory?

A

Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Central executive

42
Q

Phonological loop

A

Briefly stores sound information

43
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Stores visual and spatial information

44
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Provides a temporary space where information from subsystem (phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad) and long term memory can be integrated and manipulated

45
Q

Central executive

A

Directs the action - controls sequence of actions that need to be performed in the other subsystems

46
Q

What is the serial

Position effect?

A

U-shaped curve that demonstrates the memory of people at the beginning of a lost and end of a list

47
Q

What is primacy effect? And what does it give evidence for?

A

Good memory for words at the beginning of the list - evidence for long term memeroy due to rehearsal effect

48
Q

What is the recency effect? And what does it give evidence for?

A

Good memory for words at end of list. Evidence for working memory, able to access words due to them still being your working memory

49
Q

What do the primacy and recency effect give evidence for?

A

There are seperate memory systems

50
Q

What does maintenance rehearsal do?

A

Rote repetitions can shift information from working memory to long term memory

51
Q

What is elaborate rehearsal?

A

Focus on meaning of information and elaborate on it to remember it

52
Q

Explicit memory

A

Intentionally retrieve memory

53
Q

What does Implicit memory do?

A

Influences behaviour without conscious awareness

54
Q

What are two explicit memory tests?

A

Recall test and recognition test

55
Q

What is a recall test?

A

Give people a list of words and ask them to recall those words

56
Q

What is a recognition test?

A

Decide which stimulus or option is the best or most familiar

57
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

After an accident unable to recalls things from explicit memory but have an intact implicit memory. Can retain information but can’t consciously access it

58
Q

Which area of the brain becomes active in working memory?

A

Frontal lobes

59
Q

Which areas of the brain are most important for encoding long term memory?

A

Hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala

60
Q

What is memory consolidation

A

Turning working memory into long term memory

61
Q

What is the main brain region that turn working memory into long term memory

A

Hippocampus

62
Q

Can can damage to the thalamus cause?

A

Impairs encoding of new memories and retrieval of old memories. Can also cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia

63
Q

Role of the amygdala

A

Encodes emotionally arpusing aspects of stimuli and also helps form long term memories or emotional event s

64
Q

4 reasons for forgetting information

A
  1. Only entered working memory
  2. Retrieval failure - info stores in long term memory but retrieval cues are strong enough to retrieve it
  3. Decay - information stores but not used and over time decays
  4. Interface theory
65
Q

What are the two types of interface theory?

A

Proactive and retroactive interface

66
Q

What is proactive interface?

A

Material learnt in the past interferes with recall of newer material I.e can’t recall new phone number because you still remember old one

67
Q

Retroactive interface?

A

New material interferes with recalls of past material

68
Q

What is content reinstatement?

A

Make retrieval context as similar as possible to the encoding context

69
Q

What is encoding context?

A

Place where you do the learning

70
Q

What is retrieval context?

A

Place where you do the remembering?

psychology A (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions