sensation Flashcards
Figure-ground
relationship-is the principle by which we
organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over
Shape constancy
-the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changed in the shape of its retinal image
Color constancy
(brightness constancy) is the recognition that an object retains the same color even though different amounts of light
fall on it.
Perceptual constancy
is the recognition that objects
are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing
Binocular cues
depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes
Size constancy
the ability to see an object as unchanged in size despite changes in the image size as it moves farther away or closer (perceived size of an object remains the same despite changes in the size of the image it casts on the retina)
Shadowing
light adds shadowing that gives a 2-d picture 3-d qualities
Linear perspective
a visual cue in which two parallel lines appear to meet together in the distance
Motion Parallex
a type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer appear to move faster than objects that are further.
aerial perspective
a phenomenon in which distant objects tend to appear blurry and bluish in nature.
stereoscopic vision
3-D vision like in movies!
retinal Disparity
a discrepancy in the images that reach the left and right eye
Texture gradients
the texture elements of picture- like the stones and grass- become gradually smaller, more densely packed, and less defined moving into the distance
Convergence
in the distance the line of vision is parallel but less than 50 ft the eyes must converge- or turn in to focus on the object
auto kinetic illusion
spot appears to move
stroboscopic motion
Apparent movement-occurs when we perceive a stationary object as moving
Phi phenomenon
lights appear to move
Gestalt rules
a school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns
sound
based on the perception of its characteristics
transduction
the translation of incoming stimuli into neural signals
sound waves
vibrations processed by auditory system
ossicles
vibrate to transmit sounds to inner ear
frequency
The hair cells fire at different rates/frequencies in the cochlea
Hertz
the unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
timbre
is the tone saturation
Pitch
the perceptual interpretation of frequency of sound
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
(aka ossicles)
vibrate to transmit sounds to inner ear
Amplitude
height of the wave of light which determines brightness
oval window
transmits sound waves to the cochlea
decibel
loud or soft
cochlea
fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail
Auditory Nerves
hair cells are receptor sites
place theory
The hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies based on where they are located in the cochlea.
Frequency theory
The hair cells fire at different rates/frequencies in the cochlea
conduction deafness
something goes wrong with the system of conducting the sound to the cochlea
Nerve (or sensorineural) Deafness
occurs when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged- usually by a loud noise
Basilar
Olfactory bulb
taste buds
are closely packed or spread out depending on how well you taste food
papillae
rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface
semicircular canals
Vestibular Senses
provides information about balance and movement (oriented in space)
Kinesthetic Senses
provides information about movement, posture and orientation
gate control theory
ganglion cell
a type of neuron located near the inner surface
saturation
richness of a visual stimuli
Brightness
tendency to perceive a familiar object as having the same brightness under different conditions of illumination
Blind spot
place where optic nerve leaves the retina
Dichromats
partial color blindness in which the eye contains only two types of cone photo pigment instead of the typical three
trichromatic theory
indicates that we can receive 3 types of colors (red, green, and blue) and that the cones vary the ratio of neural activity (Like a projection T.V.).
opponent process theory
color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white
colorblindness
the inability to discriminate between colors and to perceive color hues
visible light
the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see with our eyes
feature detectors
individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli
visual acuity
the degree of clarity, or sharpness, of visual perception
wave length
Light: form of electromagnetic energy that can be detected in terms of wavelengths
optic chiasm
the location at the base of the brain at which the optic nerves from the two eyes meet
Optic nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the brain
after image
the image that remains after a stimulus ends or is removed.
hue
subjective quality of color, which is determined primarily by wavelength and secondarily by amplitude
