cognition Flashcards
priming
is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new info better and faster
Schema
is a preexisting mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information
Script
is a schema for an event
Connectionism
is a theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons
Semantic network theory
represents semantic relations between concept
a representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind
Long term potential
if two neurons are activated at the same time the connections between them stregthen
memory retrieval
thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem
Mnemonic devices
memory tricks used when encoding
Serial position effect
the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and the end of a list
primacy effect
better recall at the beginning of a list
recency effect
refers to better recall for items at the end
nodes
locations of neural activity is interconnected
recall
individual has to retrieve previously learned information
recognition
is a memory tas in which the individual only has to identify learned items
context dependent memory
attempting to recall information in the same context in which they learned it
state dependent
things we learn in one internl state are more easily recalled when in the same state again
flashbulb memory
is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recalled with more accuracy and vivid imagery
motivated forgetting
occurs when something is so painfully or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable
Reconstruction or reconstructed memory
retrieval of memories that can be distorted by adding droppingor changing details to fit a chema
relearning
taes less time to relearn
concept
metal categories that are used to group objects events and characteristics
retroactive interference
is a phenomenon that occurs when newly learned information interferes with and impedes that
proactive interference
material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
decay thory
when we learn something new a neurochemical memory trace forms but over time this trace disintergrates
tip of the tongue phenomenon
confident that we now somethinf but cannot pull it out of memory
anterograde amnesia
a memory loss for a segment od the past but not for new events
eidetic or photographic memory
cognition
the way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering thinking and knowing
concepts
mental categories that are used to group objects events and characteristics
superordinate
the hierarchical model of concepts classification includes three levels of concept (the most general)
subordinate
the hierarchical model of concepts classification includes three levels of concept (the most specific)
prototype
emphasizes that when people evaluate wheter a given item reflects a certain concept they compare the item with the most typical item
heuristics
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
algorithm
strategies that guarentee a solution to a problem
inductive reasoning
involves reasoning from specific observation s to mae generalization
deductive reasoning
is reasoning from a general case that we now to be true to a specific instance
functional fixedness
occurs when individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated ona things usual functions
availability heuristic
refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the case of recalling or imagining similar events
belief bias
we mae illogical conclusions in order to conform our preexisting beliefs
belief perseverance
our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted
framing
people react to a particular choice in diffrent ways depending on how its presented
conformation bias
is the tendency to search for and use info that supports our idaes rather than refutes them
hindsight bias
tendency to report falsleyafter the fact that we accurately predicted an outcome
divergent thinking
thinin that produces many solutions to the same problem
convergent thinking
thinking that produces the single best solutions to a problem
phonology
a languages rules for word formations
morphology
a languages rules for word formation
syntax
a languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and stences
semantics
the meaning of words and sentences in a particular
pragmatics
the useful character of languages to communicate even more meaning that is said
theory of linguistic relative
not all cultures share the same words
language acquisition device
a hypothetical tool in the human brain that lets children learn and understand language quickly
underextending
the incorrect restriction of the use of a word, which is a mistake commonly made by young children acquiring language
overgeneralize
cognitive distortion in which an individual views a single event as an invariable rule
