Semester Test Flashcards
1
Q
War that broke out between Sparta and Athens in 431 BC and lasted 27 years
A
Peloponnesian war
2
Q
Series of conflicts between Greece and Persia the lasted until 479 BC
A
Persian war
3
Q
New era of cultural process in 400 BC (Athens was symbol of this)
A
Greek golden age
4
Q
One of the most important thinkers of the new era that taught education was key to personal growth. Executed for being falsely accused him of denying the existence of many Greek gods
A
Socrates
5
Q
Wealthy young aristocrat and the greatest of socrates students. Believed that all material things were in perfect expressions of perfect and universal ideas. Founded in academy in Athens for teaching philosophy; believed in Aristocracy, Government ruled by upper class
A
Plato
6
Q
One of Plato students and believed that every field of knowledge had to be studied logically. Wanted to combine the best of all three types of government to create a limited democracy
A
Aristotle
7
Q
Became king in 359 BC. He reunited and united the best disciplined army in Macedonian history. With the victory of defeating Thebes and Athens, he united grease under his rule. Assassinated in 336 BC
A
Phillip of Macedon
8
Q
Six seated his father fill up and was strong and brave. Trained in the Macedonia an army and learned from Aristotle. Conquered a lot of territory. He became ill and died in 323 BC
A
Alexander the great
9
Q
A new “Greek like” Way of life spread by the reign of Alexander the great. Combined ideas and values drawn from the Mediterranean and Asia
A
Hellenistic
10
Q
Located in a valley and was surrounded by walls for defense. High militarized society. They had two kings
A
Sparta
11
Q
Located on the peninsula and had the Acropolis
A
Athens
12
Q
Darius’s son and he attempted to conquer the Greek mainland. He came up against 300 Spartans at the battle of Thermopylae which gave the rest of the Greek army time to prepare
A
Xerxes
13
Q
Lost to the Greeks at the battle of marathon
A
Darius
14
Q
Achieve peace of mind by excepting that all knowledge is certain
A
Skepticism
15
Q
Founded by zero, divine reason directs their world. Each person has a divine spark within and they must follow the spark. People should except their fate
A
Stoicism
16
Q
Dynasties were established here by Cyrus the great in 550 BC
A
Persia
17
Q
Chief executives
A
Consuls
18
Q
Elected Roman officials who helped the consuls
A
Praetors
19
Q
Registered citizens according to their well, appointed candidates to the Senate, and oversaw the moral conduct of all citizens
A
Censors
20
Q
Powerful landowners who controlled the government
A
Patricians
21
Q
Mainly farmers and workers who made up most of the population
A
Plebeians
22
Q
Three costly conflicts
A
Punic wars
23
Q
Mean rule of three and it was a political alliance formed by Cesar, gnaeus Pompey, and Licinius Crassus
A
First triumvirate
24
Q
Octavian, Anthony, and Lepidus
A
Second triumvirate
25
Julius Caesar's grand nephew was chose as Caesars heir
Octavian
26
General and ally of Caesars who drove out the conspirators and took control in Rome
Mark Antony
27
Nephew of Maryes and was a powerful public speaker who became a general and spent money to win support
Julius Caesar
28
The conspirators killed Caesar in the Senate
March 15, 44 BC
29
Bridge like structures that carry water from the mountains
Aqueducts
30
Supported Christianity after receiving a vision the day before his victory over his rival for emperor. Created a new capital city called Constantinople and he died in AD 337
Constantine
31
Series of social changes which gave the common people ( plebeians ) more power from the wealthy ( patrician )
Conflict of the orders
32
The last good emperor died, inflation increased, constant fighting. Emperors attempt reform
Fall of the Western Roman empire
33
Elected officials
Magistrates
34
Conspirators killed him in the Senate because his ambition and popularity
Assassination of Caesar
35
Helped to strengthen army by keeping peace
Roman military
36
Passed all legislation
Roman assembly
37
Rome was founded by them. Say the story of what happened
Romulus and Remus; Remus was killed and Romulus got all the power
38
Moved into west central Italy in Latium Annville villages along Tiber river
Latina
39
Most influential and powerful of the three governing bodies. Controlled public funds and decided foreign-policy and sometimes proposed a citizen would become dictator
Roman Senate
40
Was what had been the eastern Roman empire. Justinian pushed for revival of this empire
Byzantine Empire
41
Let the Byzantines in a revival. His accomplishment made this one of the greatest period In byzantine history
Justinian
42
Helped push for women's rights
Theodora
43
Helped crush a revolt in Constantinople
Belisarius
44
Laws of the Roman empire that was organized in four parts (code, digest, Institute, novellae)
Justinian code
45
Chemical weapons that was sprayed or thrown onto enemies ships that burst into flames
Greek fire
46
Between people who believed in icons and people who didn't
Iconoclastic controversy
47
Small pictures or designs made of small pieces of stone or glass
Mosaic
48
Region created by Mohammed
Islam
49
Holy book of Islam
Quran
50
Mohammed's successor and he brought Arabic tribes together and helped spread Islam
Abu Bakr
51
Founder of the Islamic religion and was given the message of Islam by the angel Gabriel
Mohammed
52
Kiev prospered because of the location and rich trade route
Kievan Russia
53
When the Christian church split, kievans started to follow his church
Eastern orthodox church
54
Sent observers to Christian church services in several places. Converted to Christianity and wanted to marry Anna, sister of Byzantine Emperor. Had pagans statues destroyed
Vladimir the first
55
Controlled kievan Russia until late 80 1400. Influence Slavic society
Mongols
56
Became major Russian principality. Gained independence from Mongols
Moscow
57
Where Mohammed was born
Mecca
58
"City of the prophet" used to be known as Yathrib
Medina
59
Name the five pillars of Islam
The profession of faith – there is no God but Allah
The five daily prayers – facing Mecca and washing
Paying Zakat- tax to help the poor
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan – can't eat until sunset
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once – pray and perform rituals to remember Abraham
60
Middle eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic golden age
The thousand and one nights
61
Pepin's son and greatest of all Frankish kings. Wanted to build a new rome and helped spread church teachings and Christian believes. Granted title of holy Roman Emperor
Charlemagne
62
When lords govern a small area. Noble would grant land to a lower person. Vassal provides security and protection
Feudalism
63
Person who received the feif
Vassal
64
Code of conduct for knights, way of life for wealthy
Chivalry
65
Document protecting liberties of the Nobles. Allow people to have some power which limited Kings power and kings had to except overthrow
Magna Carta
66
Self-sufficient system where the Lords land is farmed by his serfs
Manor system
67
Catholic churches punishment of the region involving closing churches and withholding sacraments
Interdict
68
Appointment of bishops by temporal rulers
Lay investiture
69
First Norman king of England and shaped the feudal system
William of Normandy
70
Divided the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne
Treaty of verdun
71
King, queen, church officials, lords, knights, Serfs
Hierarchy of feudalism
72
Pope, Cardinals, archbishop, Bishop, priest, Deacon
Hierarchy of the church
73
Muslim people from central Asia and gained control of Palestine or the holy land
Turks
74
Called on by Byzantine Emperor to help after the turks threatened Constantinople
Urban the second
75
Europeans captured Jerusalem and Slaughtered the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
First crusade
76
Louis the seventh and Conrad the third led the Christian forces and failed
Second Crusade
77
Richard made truce with Saladin which allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely
Third Crusade
78
Children died and crusade ended with the fall of acre , The last Christian city
Children's Crusade
79
Muslim leader that gained control of Jerusalem
Saladin
80
Italian cities became trading centers and ships from the cities carried Crusaders to the holy land. It died because of middle ages but then Rose again because of the crusades because they wanted Asian goods
Trade
81
Goods and services exchange for other goods and services
Barter economy
82
System of manufacturing developed during middle ages that took place in workers homes
Domestic system
83
Freedom – became free after living somewhere for our year and a day
Exemption – became free from working on the manor
Town justice – towns had own courts and citizens tried cases involving towns people
Commercial privileges – sells goods freely on town market
Rights of towns people
84
Sole right to trade in each town
Merchant
85
Set rules for wages, hours, and working conditions
Craft Guild
86
Boys parents paid a master so they could be trained to be this
Apprentice
87
Skilled worker who was paid wages by a master
Journeyman
88
Merchants and master workers. Between nobles and peasants
Middle class
89
Tried to gain control of Italy and ruled Germany. Destroyed Mikan Let cities govern them
Frederick Barabossa
90
Plague that swept through Europe and killed one third of Europe. Black rats carried this disease
Black death
91
People with little education spoke this every day
Vernacular
92
Series of conflicts between England and France and lasted 116 years
Hundred years war
93
War for the English throne between the house of York and Lancaster. Lancaster won and Henry tudor became king
War of the roses
94
Helped untie France and helped push English out
Joan of arc
95
German trading cities join together to form this league and increased trade in north Western Europe
Hanseatic league
96
Important trading center. Meeting point for trade routes. Fine woolen cloth was made here
Flanders
97
Crusaders captured it and brought much of the holy land under European control
Jerusalem
98
After Boniface died, Philip had a French bishop elected pope and Clement the fifth moved headquarters of church to Avignon, France where the Popes lived for years (60)
Babylonian captivity
99
Trading center in northern Europe and is now known as Ukraine
Kiev
100
And Italy became a training center and was a go to between for traders from Asia and Northern Europe
Venice
101
Cardinals elected to Popes – one Italian and one French – and then the church divided between two people. Council of Constantine removed both popes and elected a new Italian pope
Great schism
102
Rebirth and was a philosophical and artistic movement and the era when the movement flourished
Renaissance
103
Florentine diplomat and historian. Considered a humanist because he looked to the ancient Romans as models
Machiavelli
104
Master of renaissance art and wrote poetry (sistine chapel)
Michelangelo
105
Architect, painter, scientist. Painted Mona Lisa and last supper
Da Vinci
106
Started Lutheranism and taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a center. Nailed 95 thesis to church doors about indulgences
Martin Luther
107
Invented printing press and used it to make copies of the Bible
Johannes Gutenberg
108
Religious revolution that split up the church in Western Europe
Re-formation
109
Caused break between England and Roman catholic church – began Anglican Church so he could get a divorce with Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII
110
Founded a protestant church. Carried on work of Zwingli . Emphasized predestination – in beginning God decided who would be saved
John Calvin
111
Defined the official church position on matters of doctrine. Decided to end indulgences, ceremonies were needed, people were dependent on priest, and God granted forgiveness only through church
Council of Trent
112
Italian scholars turn to classical Greek and Roman literature to study grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric
Humanities
113
Luther touched a deep desire among people in Europe for simpler, more direct religious faith
Protestantism
114
Monk that was sent to raise funds in German states. Ask people to buy indulgences
Tetzel
115
People began to use experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries
Scientific revolution
116
Experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments
Scientific method
117
Argued that the universe was not geocentric. Created heliocentric Siri that said the solar system rotated around the sun
Copernicus
118
Used the math and models to prove Copernicus's ideas
Kepler
119
Created telescope and believed the heavenly body revolved around earth
Galileo
120
Pioneered the study of anatomy and did his own studies to see how the human body was conducted
Vesalius
121
Discovered the Pacific ocean
Balboa
122
Invaded montezuma aztec empires and controlled much of Mexico
Hernan Cortes
123
First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
DIas
124
Has ships Nina, pita, and Santa Maria. Wanted to find a new way to Asia by sailing west word. Thought he discovered island in India but was really America
Columbus
125
First European to sail to India
Da gama
126
Agreement between Spain and Portugal that moved the west line determining the land each country to claim in the Atlantic
Treaty of Tordesillas
127
Made trip across Atlantic. Didn't think land was part of Asia and America is named after him
Amerigo Vespucci
128
Crew made first trip around globe and led an expedition around the southern tip of South America. Proved balboa correct about Pacific Ocean
Magellan
129
Conquered Incan Empire
Francisco Pizarro
130
Developed theory of universal gravitation
Newton
131
Coins with fixed values begin to appear which allowed constant system of exchange
Commercial revolution
132
Business organization developed during the commercial revolution in which owners raised money by selling stock in the company
Joint stock company
133
Theory stating there's a fixed amount of wealth in the world in order to receive a larger share one country has to take wealth away from another country
Mercantilism
134
System of trade involving three stages and one was the trans Atlantic slave trade
Triangular trade
135
Known as Prince Henry and hope to find gold for Portugal
Henry the navigator
136
Attempted to invade Protestant England
Spanish Armada
