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Biology > Semester 2 Test Review > Flashcards

Semester 2 Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the goal of meiosis?

A

Reduces chromosomes from 46-23

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2
Q

Explain how meiosis allows for variation in species, and why this variation is advantageous?

A

Genetic material is exchanged causing each individual to be different.

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3
Q

How does crossing over contribute to variation in genes?

A

Material is never exchanged the same way twice, brothers and sisters could have different combinations of DNA.

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4
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When Chromosomes do not separate properly

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5
Q

How many chromosomes normally come from Mom? Dad?

A

23 from each

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6
Q

Ina fruit fly, in which the diploid number of chromosomes is 8, the chromosome number in each gamete is normally?

a. 16 b. 2 c. 8 d. 4

A

d.4

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7
Q

occasionally, during meiosis, a single homologous chromosome pair may fail to separate. A human gamete produced by such disjunction would have a chromosome number of?

a. 23 b. 24 c. 25 d. 26

A

b. 24

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8
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A

Because it produces gametes (haploid sex cells- egg/sperm cells.)

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9
Q

Why is crossing over important during meiosis?

A

It causes siblings to look different even though they have the same parents, and creates diversity within a species.

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10
Q

What are two things that can be determined by looking at a karyotype?

A

The gender of a baby, and if the baby has any chromosomal abnormalities.

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11
Q

Where do Genes or Alleles come from and in?

A

They come in pairs one from mom, and one from dad

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12
Q

What else besides genes is influenced by the environment?

A

Phenotype

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13
Q

What is a Dominant allele?

A

The overpowering trait: represents a capital letter (RR)

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14
Q

What is a Recessive allele?

A

Trait that is sometimes hidden by the dominant trait: represents the lowercase letter (rr)

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15
Q

What is a Homozygous (purebred) allele?

A

same gene (RR)

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16
Q

What is a Heterozygous (Hybrid) allele?

A

Different information (Rr)

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17
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The genes or letters (RR,Rr,Dd,DD)

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18
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical appearance: what a baby is going to look like (blue/green eyes)

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19
Q

In cats, long hair (L) is dominant over short hair (l). To the right, cross a homozygous long-haired cat with a purebred short-haired cat. Give the phenotypic ratios for the offspring in F1.

A

Long hair- 100%- 4/4

Short hair- 0% - 0/4

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20
Q

If your parents are both homozygous dominant for being able to roll your tongue, how many of your siblings will be able to roll their tongue?

A

100%

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21
Q

Can two people who can roll their tongue have a baby who cannot roll its tongue?

A

Yes, if they are heterozygous there is a 1/4 or 25% chance their baby can’t roll their tongue.

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22
Q

What are the functions of DNA

A

Carry the code of life, and make blueprints for making proteings

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23
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for one specific protein.

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24
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any change in the DNA especially in the nitrogenous bases.

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25
Q

How are DNA, genes, and chromosomes related?

A

In the nucleus we find chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of coiled DNA if we cut DNA into sections we would see genes.

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26
Q

How do proteins fit in?

A

Each gene codes for 1 protein

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27
Q

David and Sara are brother and sister have the same biological parents. They both have their mother’s red hair, but the rest of their features are very different. How can this happen if both parents donated 50% of their DNA?

A

They both get different genes from their parents

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28
Q

DNA replication must occur before a cell can divide, and a ___________ occurs when it is not copied exactly from the original strand.

A

mutation

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29
Q

How does a mutation get passed from parent to offspring?

A

Substitution

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30
Q

The normal gene for fur color in rock pocket mice is AATCGTCGAC and it produces a light color. A rock pocket mouse was found with dark fur color. His fur color gene was AATCCTCGAC. What type of mutation caused the fur color to change?

A

Substitution

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31
Q

What changed which caused the fur color to change?

A

If there is a substitution mRNA codon can change creating a different Amino Acid.

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32
Q

DNA is found where?

A

In the nucleus

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33
Q

During transcription what happens?

A

mRNA goes into the nucleus, makes a copy of the DNA and leaves into the cytoplasm.

34
Q

What happens during Translation?

A

Translation occurs at the ribosome (site for protein synthesis) mRNA codon, which codes for an amino acid, bonds to a tRNA anti-codon.

35
Q

What happens once proteins are formed by a chain of amino acids?

A

They are transported to where ever needed in the body.

36
Q

What are the different types of evidence for evolution?

A

Homologous structures, fossils, comparative embryology, and DNA/amino acid sequencing.

37
Q

What cause variation within a species?

A

Mutation, genetic recombination, and crossing over.

38
Q

Why is Genetic diversity important for the survival of a species?

A

The species can better withstand change.

39
Q

Define Evolution

A

Change in a population (genes), in one specie over time.

40
Q

List 2 things that cause genetic variation in a species.

A

Genetic recombination- combining traits: child’s different from parents
Mutation

41
Q

Define Natural Selection. Give at least 2 examples

A

Organisms better suited to an environment survive, while organisms not well suited die off.

42
Q

What factors must be present for natural selection to occur?

A

Natural selection results in change of frequency of genes, can be caused by genetic recombination, mutations within DNA

43
Q

What does it mean to have a high adaptive value?

A

The organism is adaptive: has traits that helps it survive and reproduce

44
Q

Which species has an advantage a species that has limited genetic variation or a species that has a lot of genetic diversity?

A

A species with a lot of genetic diversity, because diversity in a species will help it survive.

45
Q

What could happen to a species when they are split up and isolated from each other?

A

The group might develop different behaviors, may not be able to mate

46
Q

What happens when bacteria are resistant to antibiotics?

A

Thy will not die when introduced to antibiotics, become immune, keep people sick

47
Q

Greyhounds are sleek dogs bred for their traits that allow them to be fast for racing. This is an example of selective breeding. list another example.

A

We selective breed certain crops we need.

48
Q

Define Fossils

A

Deeper down in the rock layers, the older they are. Common Ancestor

49
Q

Define Homologous structures

A

Structures like bones that show common ancestor

50
Q

Define Comparative Embryology

A

Baby development is similar in organisms- Common Ancestor

51
Q

Define Vestigial structures

A

Structures that an organism has but doesn’t need. Common Ancestor

52
Q

Define DNA/ Amino Acid sequence comparison

A

Amino Acid sequence is similar, Common Ancestor

53
Q

Most rock pocket mice are typically light brown, living on desert sands. Occasionally, a darker colored mouse appears in the population. After a large volcanic eruption, some rock pocket mice found themselves living on the hardened lava. What adaptations do the rock pocket mice use to survive?

A

The dark colored mice run along the dark colored lava

54
Q

What can be attributed to causing the variation of fur color in the mice?

A

After the lava flow mice needed to survive predators so they adapted, and changed their fur color dark with a mutation.

55
Q

How would you expect the population of rock pocket mice on the lava flow to change over time?

A

Darker colored mice survive, and breed with other darker colored mice

56
Q

Which of Darwin’s main points of evolution is illustrated in this scenario?

A

Natural Selection

57
Q

Suppose the rock pocket mouse gains a new predator that hunts by sound rather than by sight. What does this mean for the selective advantage of fur color?

A

Fur no longer serves as an advantage both populations are at risk.

58
Q

What may become the new selecting agent for which mice survive to reproduce?

A

Sound-make adaptations to sound, pass on genes, greater population

59
Q

If the mutation had turned the mice fur color to light blue instead of black would the adaptive value of the blue fur color be as high as the adaptive value of the black fur color?

A

No because the environment the mice live in is not light blue.

60
Q

What do earthquakes tell us?

A

Continental plates are constantly moving

61
Q

True or False? hot spots move

A

False

62
Q

How does the age of fossils work?

A

Fossils get older as you get into deeper layers of the earth

63
Q

How does the age of rock work?

A

The age of rock is always youngest at the mid-ocean ridge, and gets older as you get closer to a land mass.

64
Q

What is the age of earth

A

4.6 billion years old

65
Q

What are mass extinctions created by

A

Impact of a meteorite, organisms can’t adapt

66
Q

Were is the location of seafloor spreading?

A

Divergent boudary

67
Q

What boundary is plates moving away from each other?

A

Divergent

68
Q

What boundary can cause mountains to form?

A

Convergent

69
Q

What boundary is the location of plate subduction

A

Convergent

70
Q

Plates moving horizontally past one other

A

Transform

71
Q

Location of rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges

A

Divergent

72
Q

Boundarys that Can cause volcanoes

A

convergent, and Divergent

73
Q

Boundary that can cause earthquakes

A

Convergent, Divergent, and Transform

74
Q

Which of the following best describes the order of events that leads to genetic expression of traits?

A. DNA, RNA, amino acid, protein, genetic expression of a trait

B. RNA, amino acid, DNA, protein, genetic expression of a trait

C. DNA, amino acid, protein, RNA, genetic expression of a trait

D. RNA, protein, DNA, amino acid, genetic expression of a trait

A

A. DNA, RNA, amino acid, protein, genetic expression of a trait

75
Q

Which statement about fossils could be used as evidence that evolution by natural selection has been in effect for millions of years?

A. Fossils found in higher rock layers are older than those found in lower rock layers

B. Fossils found in lower rock layers are more complex than those found in higher rock layers

C. Fossils of current species have been found throughout rock layers that are billions of years old

D. Fossils of species that no longer exist but are ancestors of current species have been found in layers.

A

D.

76
Q

Rainfall in a tropical region is below average for 10 consecutive years. Insect species adapted for dry conditions are much more plentiful at the end of the 10 years. Which of the following statements best explains the increase in the population of these insects.

A. Biodiversity in the region has increased due to the dry conditions

B. Insects with a high tolerance for dry conditions have migrated out of the region

C. Natural selection has favored insect species with a high tolerance for dry conditions

D. Natural selection has selected against insect species that are adapted for dry conditions.

A

C.

77
Q

A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survived probably have…

A. Interbred with other species
B. Inherited some advantageous variations
C. Found new places on the Island to live
D. Been attacked by more predators

A

B.

78
Q

Which of these does NOT occur during meiosis?

A. Production of identical gametes
B. Production of new gene combinations
C. Crossing-over of homologous chromosomes
D. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half

A

A.

79
Q

Which of the following features of DNA is most important in determining the phenotype of an organism?

A. The direction of the helical twist
B. The number of deoxyribose sugars
C. The sequence of nitrogenous bases
D. The strength of the hydrogen bonds

A

C.

80
Q

Which factor MOST affects the order of amino acids in a protein?

A. The DNA located in the nucleus of the cell
B. The cell in which the protein is located
C. The amount of ATP available for the cell’s use
D. The are in a cell where proteins are produced

A

A.

Biology (10 decks)

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