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Biology > Semester 2 Study Set > Flashcards

Semester 2 Study Set Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

The word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> Glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

Energy in ATP is released when a ______ group is removed

A

Phosphate

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4
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

Chlorophyll reflects the green light

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6
Q

NADP+ in photosynthesis is an _____ carrier

A

Electron

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7
Q

How are electrons for the light-dependent reactions obtained?

A

By splitting water molecules

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8
Q

The order of the processes in cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport

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9
Q

What does the Krebs cycle need to occur?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

Where does electron transport take place in eukaryotes?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane

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11
Q

What causes air bubbles and spongy texture in bread?

A

Alcoholic fermentation

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12
Q

When is DNA replicated (during the cell cycle)?

A

The S-phase

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13
Q

What is one advantage of sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction?

A

Genetic diversity

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14
Q

How many chromosomes will the two daughter cells get during normal mitotic division?

A

4

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15
Q

The order of the 4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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16
Q

When a cell divides, its surface area/volume ratio _______

A

Increases

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17
Q

Alleles

A

The different forms of a gene

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18
Q

At the end of meiosis, how many cells are there? Are they genetically identical or different?

A

4 genetically different cells

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19
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus

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20
Q

What molecule stores information in the cell?

A

DNA

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21
Q

What scientist took X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

22
Q

Is DNA double-stranded or single-stranded?

A

Double-stranded

23
Q

Do the helices run parallel or anti-parallel to each other?

A

Anti-parallel

24
Q

A binds to ___

A

T

25
Q

C binds to ___

A

G

26
Q

What enzyme joins nucleotides together to synthesize a new complimentary strand of DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

27
Q

The 3 differences between RNA and DNA

A
  1. RNA is single-stranded, and DNA is double-stranded
  2. RNA uses the sugar ribose, and DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose
  3. RNA uses the base Uracil, and DNA uses the base Thymine
28
Q

How many nucleotides are needed to code for 1 amino acid?

A

3

29
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which mRNA is made from DNA

30
Q

What is the complimentary mRNA sequence to the DNA sequence CATATG?

A

GUAUAC

31
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

32
Q

Translation

A

The process by which RNA is used to produce proteins

33
Q

During translation, the ______ on the tRNA is complimentary to the codon on the mRNA

A

Anticodon

34
Q

What is the relationship between codons and anticodons?

A
  • Complimentary
  • The anticodon on the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to produce the polypeptide chain
35
Q

mRNA

A

Copies the DNA’s genetic code and carries the information to other parts of the cell

36
Q

rRNA

A

Make up ribosomes, which help assemble proteins

37
Q

tRNA

A

Transfers amino acids to the ribosome where proteins are assembled

38
Q

Fitness

A

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

39
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which evolution occurs

40
Q

Derived characteristics

A

A trait that arises in an ancestor and is passed on to its descendants

41
Q

What can similar DNA sequences in genes be evidence of?

A

A common ancestor

42
Q

What do each node of a cladogram represent?

A

Where two groups share a common ancestor

43
Q

Homologous structures

A

Similar structures in different organisms

44
Q

Analogous structures

A

Similar structures that evolved from different ancestors

45
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structure that doesn’t have any use to the current organism

46
Q

What domain are protista, animalia, plantae, and fungi in? What does this make them?

A
  • Eukarya (kingdom)
  • Eukaryotes
47
Q

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

48
Q

Directional selection

A

When one end of the curve is favored

49
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

When the middle of the curve is favored

50
Q

Disruptive selection

A

When both ends of a curve are selected

Biology (8 decks)

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