Semester 2 Study Set Flashcards
The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
The word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water -> Glucose + oxygen
Energy in ATP is released when a ______ group is removed
Phosphate
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Thylakoid membrane
Why do plants appear green?
Chlorophyll reflects the green light
NADP+ in photosynthesis is an _____ carrier
Electron
How are electrons for the light-dependent reactions obtained?
By splitting water molecules
The order of the processes in cellular respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
What does the Krebs cycle need to occur?
Oxygen
Where does electron transport take place in eukaryotes?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
What causes air bubbles and spongy texture in bread?
Alcoholic fermentation
When is DNA replicated (during the cell cycle)?
The S-phase
What is one advantage of sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction?
Genetic diversity
How many chromosomes will the two daughter cells get during normal mitotic division?
4
The order of the 4 phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
When a cell divides, its surface area/volume ratio _______
Increases
Alleles
The different forms of a gene
At the end of meiosis, how many cells are there? Are they genetically identical or different?
4 genetically different cells
Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?
The nucleus
What molecule stores information in the cell?
DNA
What scientist took X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
Is DNA double-stranded or single-stranded?
Double-stranded
Do the helices run parallel or anti-parallel to each other?
Anti-parallel
A binds to ___
T
C binds to ___
G
What enzyme joins nucleotides together to synthesize a new complimentary strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
The 3 differences between RNA and DNA
- RNA is single-stranded, and DNA is double-stranded
- RNA uses the sugar ribose, and DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose
- RNA uses the base Uracil, and DNA uses the base Thymine
How many nucleotides are needed to code for 1 amino acid?
3
Transcription
The process by which mRNA is made from DNA
What is the complimentary mRNA sequence to the DNA sequence CATATG?
GUAUAC
The central dogma of molecular biology
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
Translation
The process by which RNA is used to produce proteins
During translation, the ______ on the tRNA is complimentary to the codon on the mRNA
Anticodon
What is the relationship between codons and anticodons?
- Complimentary
- The anticodon on the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to produce the polypeptide chain
mRNA
Copies the DNA’s genetic code and carries the information to other parts of the cell
rRNA
Make up ribosomes, which help assemble proteins
tRNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome where proteins are assembled
Fitness
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
Natural selection
The process by which evolution occurs
Derived characteristics
A trait that arises in an ancestor and is passed on to its descendants
What can similar DNA sequences in genes be evidence of?
A common ancestor
What do each node of a cladogram represent?
Where two groups share a common ancestor
Homologous structures
Similar structures in different organisms
Analogous structures
Similar structures that evolved from different ancestors
Vestigial structures
Structure that doesn’t have any use to the current organism
What domain are protista, animalia, plantae, and fungi in? What does this make them?
- Eukarya (kingdom)
- Eukaryotes
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Directional selection
When one end of the curve is favored
Stabilizing selection
When the middle of the curve is favored
Disruptive selection
When both ends of a curve are selected
