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Biology > Chapter 14 - RNA > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA (3)

A
  • DNA uses Thymine (T) and RNA uses Uracil (U)
  • DNA uses deoxyribose and RNA uses ribose
  • DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded
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2
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA and is the complimentary RNA strand to a gene on the DNA

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3
Q

rRNA

A

Combines with proteins to make up the ribosome

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4
Q

tRNA

A

Brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome and matches the mRNA sequence

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5
Q

Transcription

A
  • The process by which a mRNA complimentary strand is made for a gene
  • DNA is used as a template to create the RNA
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6
Q

What enzyme creates the complimentary mRNA strand?

A

RNA polymerase

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7
Q

Promoter

A

A portion of DNA that RNA polymerase binds during the process of transcription

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8
Q

How is mRNA processed in eukaryotic cells?

A

By removing the intron

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9
Q

What is spliced back together on the mRNA?

A

Exons

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10
Q

What is added to the mRNA to create a mature manuscript?

A

A cap and tail

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11
Q

From the nucleus, where does the mRNA travel to?

A

The cytoplasm

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12
Q

Translation

A

The process by which the mRNA is used to create a protein

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13
Q

How many bases make up a codon?

A

3

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14
Q

AUG

A
  • The start codon
  • Codes for Methionine
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15
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

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16
Q

Anticodon

A

On the tRNA strand and is complementary to the codon on the mRNA

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17
Q

What does the tRNA bring to the ribosome where it is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain?

A

The correct amino acid

18
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotes: Nucleus
  • Prokaryotes: Cytoplasm
19
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

20
Q

Where are genes that operate together located in prokaryotes?

A

The operon

21
Q

The lac operon encodes proteins needed to transport the disaccharide ____.

A

Lactose

22
Q

The operator region

A

The region of DNA where the lac repressor binds

23
Q

What does the lac repressor prevent RNA polymerase from binding, therefore preventing transcription?

A

The promoter region

24
Q

If lactose is present, what does the lac repressor change?

A

Shape

25
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins in eukaryotes that bind DNA sequences and control gene expression

26
Q

What do transcription factors bind?

A

The enhancer region of DNA and the TATA box

27
Q

Homeotic genes

A

Master control genes for development

28
Q

Homeobox genes

A

A portion of about 180-bases that are very similar between species

29
Q

Hox genes

A

The collection of homeobox genes in fruit flies

30
Q

Epigenetics

A

Control gene expression by wrapping the DNA tightly around the nucleosome

31
Q

What can also be an influence on gene expression?

A

The environment

32
Q

Mutation

A

A change that is made in the DNA when replicating

33
Q

What two things can mutations affect?

A

Gene sequences and chromosomes

34
Q

Point mutations

A

Involve one nucleotide changing within a gene

35
Q

Substitution

A

One nucleotide is replaced by another

36
Q

Insertion

A

One nucleotide is added to a gene

37
Q

Deletion (gene sequence)

A

One nucleotide is removed from a gene

38
Q

Deletion (chromosome)

A

One portion of the chromosome is removed

39
Q

Duplication

A

One portion of the chromosome is duplicated

40
Q

Inversion

A
  • The order of a part of a chromosome is switched
  • Can occur during crossing over in meiosis
41
Q

Translocation

A

A portion of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome

42
Q

Mutagen

A

A chemical or physical agent in the environment that causes a mutation

Biology (8 decks)

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