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Biology > Chapter 11 - Cell Growth and Division > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Cell Growth and Division Flashcards

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1
Q

The bigger the cell gets, its surface area to volume ratio gets

A

Smaller

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2
Q

Important in exchanging materials and removing wastes

A

Surface area

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3
Q

Determines how much food and wastes a cell produces

A

Volume

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4
Q

3 things that occur when a cell gets too large

A
  1. Too many demands on its DNA
  2. Cannot remove waste as quickly as necessary
  3. More difficulty obtaining enough nutrients to survive
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5
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually

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6
Q

The process by which prokaryotes divide

A

Binary fission

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction takes ____ time than sexual reproduction

A

Less

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction is advantaged in ______ environmental conditions

A

Changing

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9
Q

Asexually reproduced offspring are genetically ______

A

Identical

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10
Q

Sexually reproduced offspring are genetically _____

A

Diverse

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11
Q

The three stages within interphase

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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12
Q

Stage when DNA gets replicated

A

S phase

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13
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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14
Q

The stage that mitosis is followed by when the parent cell is completely divided into 2

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

The nuclear membrane disintegrates, and the chromosomes become visible

A

Prophase

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16
Q

The chromosomes are lined up in the center of the dividing cell

A

Metaphase

17
Q

The spindle is made of microtubules and comes from the _______ in animal cells

A

Centrioles

18
Q

The spindle fibers attach to the ______ of the sister chromatid

A

Centromere

19
Q

The sister chromatids are separated and pulled towards opposite sides of the cell

A

Anaphase

20
Q

The nuclear membrane reforms and the DNA becomes invisible again

A

Telophase

21
Q

Chromosomes are only visible during

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
22
Q

In plant cells, a ____ _____ starts forming and this will become the cell wall of the daughter cells

A

Cell plate

23
Q

Chromosomes are formed by the following substructures

A
  1. The double helix
  2. The DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosome
  3. The nucleosomes form coils
  4. Coils wrap around each other to form supercoils
  5. The packing of the supercoiled DNA into chromosomes
24
Q

How do the duplicated chromosomes appear as?

A

Sister chromatids with identical copies of DNA

25
Q

How are sister chromatids connected?

A
  • The 1
  • Where spindle fibers attach to the chromosome during mitosis
  • Spindle fibers help pull apart the sister chromatids during Mitosis
26
Q

Internal regulators of the cell cycle

A

Cyclins

27
Q

External regulators of the cell cycle

A

Growth factors

28
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

29
Q

Involved in checking that the DNA was synthesized correctly

A

P53

30
Q

What will P53 do if DNA was not synthesized correctly?

A

Recruit other proteins to repair the damaged DNA

31
Q

What will P53 do if fixing the DNA is not possible?

A

Signal for a cell to undergo apoptosis

32
Q

P53 and cancer

A

Mutations in p53 are implicated in many cancers because cells stop responding to cell cycle regulators

33
Q

Uncontrolled cell growth

A

Cancer

34
Q

Masses of cancer cells

A

Tumors

35
Q

Can become many different types of cells

A

Stem cells

36
Q

Stem cells become ______ to do different functions through the process of differentiation

A

Specialized

37
Q

All body cells have the same DNA (T/F)

A
  • True
  • Every cell has the same instructions but follows them differently (play-doh lab)
38
Q

Location where stem cells can become many different cell types

A
  • Embryo
  • Adult stem cells may not be able to form every type of cell
39
Q

One area of stem cell research is to repair damaged _____

A

Organs

Biology (8 decks)

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