Chapter 15 - Evolution & Classification

Question 1

Wrote “The Origin of Species” after travelling the world

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

New species come from ___ species

Answer 2

• Old species
• Discovered by Charles Darwin

Question 3

The process by which species change

Answer 3

Natural selection

Question 4

Evidence of evolution

Answer 4

• Fossils of extinct organisms
• Similar organisms found in similar habitats across the world
• Similar, but different organisms, found near each other geographically

Question 5

About the same time Darwin was developing his theories, ________ and _______ studied geological processes and concluded that the world is very old

Answer 5

Charles Lyell and James Hutton

Question 6

Darwin’s theory of evolution

Answer 6

• Organisms produce more offspring that can survive (overproduction)
• There is competition between organisms for resources
• There is variation between individuals within a population

Question 7

What classifies individuals as being the “fittest?”

Answer 7

• Have the best traits for the environment
• Will be able to survive and reproduce

Question 8

Adaptation

Answer 8

A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment

Question 9

Homologous structures

Answer 9

Similar structures in different organisms that have different purposes

Question 10

Analogous structures

Answer 10

• Similar features that evolved because of the environment even though they don’t have a recent common ancestor
• Ex: a bird wing and a butterfly wing – they both fly, but one is a bird and one is an insect

Question 11

Vestigial structures

Answer 11

Structures that are no longer needed by an organism

Question 12

What evolves (individuals or populations)?

Answer 12

Populations

Question 13

What does natural selection act on?

Answer 13

Phenotype

Question 14

On a genetic level, evolution involves the change of _____ ________ within a population

Answer 14

Allele frequency

Question 15

Polygenic traits usually fall into a ____-_____ or _______ _________

Answer 15

• Bell-shaped or normal distribution

Question 16

Directional selection

Answer 16

When one end of the curve is favored

Question 17

Stabilizing selection

Answer 17

When the middle of the curve is favored

Question 18

Disruptive selection

Answer 18

When both ends of a curve are selected

Question 19

When does speciation occur?

Answer 19

When a population becomes reproductively isolated

Question 20

Geographic isolation

Answer 20

Where populations are separated due to geography

Question 21

Behavioral isolation

Answer 21

Where one population won’t mate with another due to a different behavior

Question 22

Temporal isolation

Answer 22

Where populations mate at different times of the year

Question 23

3 domains

Answer 23

• Eukarya
• Eubacteria (or Bacteria)
• Archaea

Question 24

Eukaryotes can be broken down into the following kingdoms

Answer 24

• Protists (can have single or multiple cells) -> autotrophs/heterotrophs
• Animals -> heterotrophs
• Plants -> autotrophs
• Fungi -> heterotrophs

Question 25

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

Answer 25

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Question 26

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 26

• Genus species
• The scientific name of a species

Question 27

Cladogram

Answer 27

Looks at evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 28

Branch point (or node)

Answer 28

Represents where two groups of organisms had a most recent common ancestor

Question 29

Derived characteristic

Answer 29

• Written on a cladogram
• Indicates all organisms to the right of that point share the characteristic