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Biology > Semester 1 Study Set > Flashcards

Semester 1 Study Set Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Observation

A

The act of noticing and describing processes in a careful, orderly way

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative and testable scientific explanation for observations

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3
Q

Controlled experiments

A

Experiments scientists perform to test if their hypothesis is true

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is changed

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5
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured

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6
Q

Control group

A

The group in an experiment where the independent variable has not changed

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7
Q

Experimental group

A

The group in an experiment where the independent variable is changed

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8
Q

Scientific theory

A

A well-tested scientific explanation of events in the natural world that has been shown to exist in multiple circumstances

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9
Q

Cells

A

Unit that all living things are made of

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

The combination of the chemical reactions that are carried out in an organism’s life process

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which all living organisms maintain internal balance

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12
Q

Evolution

A

Change that occurs within organisms over generations

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13
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter

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14
Q

Protons

A

Positively-charged particles

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15
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutrally-charged particles

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16
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively-charged particles

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17
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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18
Q

Ionic bond

A

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the oppositely charged atoms then interact

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19
Q

Covalent bond

A

Electrons are shared between models

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between water molecules that are weak

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21
Q

Basic substances

A

pH above 7

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22
Q

Neutral substances

A

pH equal or around 7

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23
Q

Acidic substances

A

pH below 7

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24
Q

Polymers

A

Made up of many monomer units

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25
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1-2-1

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26
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple carbohydrates

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27
Q

Lipids

A
  • Used to store energy
  • Make up parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
  • Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen
  • Not soluble in water
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28
Q

Nucleotide

A
  • Make up nucleic acids
  • Contain a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group
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29
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Store and transmit genetic information
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30
Q

Proteins

A
  • Made up of amino acids
  • Controls the enzymes of chemical reactions
  • Holds cellular structure
  • Fights diseases
  • Transports substances in and out of the cell
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31
Q

Amino acids

A
  • Contains an Amino group, a Carboxyl group and an R-group
  • Joined together by a special bond called a peptide bond
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32
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Proteins
  • Act as biological catalysts
  • Reduce the activation energy of a reaction
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33
Q

The levels of ecological organization

A
  1. Individual
  2. Population
  3. Community
  4. Ecosystem
  5. Biome
  6. Biosphere
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34
Q

Biotic factor

A

Any living thing in an environment

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35
Q

Abiotic factor

A

Any non-living thing in an environment

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36
Q

Biomes

A

Similar ecosystems around the world with similar climates

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37
Q

Estuary

A

A wetland area where freshwater and saltwater biomes meet and serving as spawning grounds for many fish and shellfish

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38
Q

Primary producers/autotrophs

A

Where energy in ecosystems begin, as they take energy from other sources and convert it into forms that living organisms can use

39
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which solar energy is converted into food energy

40
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Process by which chemicals and oxygen are used to produce carbohydrates. Occurs mostly in deep ocean ecosystems

41
Q

Consumers/heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must eat other organisms to obtain energy

42
Q

Herbivore

A

Consumer that only eats plants

43
Q

Carnivore

A

Animals that hunt, kill, and eat other organisms

44
Q

Scavengers

A

Organisms that eat dead organisms

45
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that chemically break down organic matter into smaller matter

46
Q

Detritivore

A

Organisms that further break down detritus into smaller particles

47
Q

Food chain

A

A linear model describing the flow of energy from one organism to another

48
Q

Food web

A

A complex model of all the feeding relationships within an ecosystem

49
Q

Trophic level

A

Each step in a food chain or web

50
Q

Biological processes in the carbon cycle

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Cellular respiration
51
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The break down of carbohydrates and other biological macromolecules to produce carbon dioxide gas

52
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

The process by which bacteria or lightning create nitrogen containing compounds in the soil from nitrogen gas

53
Q

Range

A

The area where a population lives

54
Q

Population density

A

The number of organisms within a unit area

55
Q

Population distribution

A

How organisms are distributed within their range

56
Q

Population growth rate

A

A measure of how fast a population is growing

57
Q

Immigration

A

The process of organisms moving into a range

58
Q

Emigration

A

The process of organisms leaving a range

59
Q

Exponential growth

A

Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources a population will grow exponentially (graph curve “J”)

60
Q

Logistic growth

A

When populations are limited by resources in their environment (graph curve “S”)

61
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum population an ecosystem can support

62
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

Factors that act strongly on a population because of their population density (ex. disease, competition)

63
Q

Density-independent factors

A

Factors that act strongly on a population regardless of their population density (ex. weather)

64
Q

Stage 1 of demographic transition

A
  • Birth rates are high
  • Death rates are high
65
Q

Stage 2 of demographic transition

A
  • Birth rates are high
  • Death rates are low
66
Q

Stage 3 of demographic transition

A
  • Birth rates are low
  • Death rates are low
67
Q

Niche

A

The environmental and physical conditions where an organism lives and the way it obtains the resources it needs to live

68
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

No 2 organisms share the same niche in the same habitat

69
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is neither hurt or benefits

70
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

71
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

72
Q

Primary succession

A

Starts on bare rock and describes how populations change within an ecosystem over time

73
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs on pre-existing soil

74
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • Do not have membrane-bound organelles
  • Do not have a nucleus
  • Have ribosomes
75
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Bigger than prokaryotic cells
  • Have membrane-bound organelles
  • Have a nucleus
  • Have ribosomes
  • Make up plant and animal cells
76
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The inside of the cell outside of the nucleus

77
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Stores DNA
  • Has information to make proteins
78
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Rough ER: Has ribosomes on it; makes proteins that are bound to membranes or sent to specific parts of the cell or for export
  • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies toxins in the cell
79
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Accepts vesicles from the ER
  • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
80
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Helps store food and water within a cell
81
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Filled with enzymes that help break down biological molecules and organelles
82
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Helps cells maintain their shape
  • Involved in cell motion
83
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Found only in plant cells
  • Perform photosynthesis
84
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Location of cellular respiration
85
Q

Cell walls

A
  • In prokaryotic cells and plant cells
  • Provides rigidity and structure to cells
86
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Double layer of phospholipids
  • Control what goes in and out of the cell
87
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which a substance flows from an area of high concentration to low concentration

88
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion that does not require energy

89
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP energy to transport molecules across a membrane and include exocytosis, endocytosis, and protein pumps

90
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

91
Q

Isotonic

A

When the concentration of solute is the same inside and outside the cell. Water flows at an equal rate in both directions

92
Q

Hypotonic

A

Higher solute concentration in the cell and water flows into the cell

93
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher solute concentration outside the cell and water flows out of the cell

94
Q

Level of organization in multicellular organisms

A
  1. Cell
  2. Tissue
  3. Organ
  4. Organ system

Biology (8 decks)

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