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Obstetrics > Semester 2 Midterm: Horse > Flashcards

Semester 2 Midterm: Horse Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the pregnancy of the horse?

A

310-365 days

11 months

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2
Q

How long is the duration of oestrus in mare?

A

5-7 days

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3
Q

When is the ovulation in mare?

A

24-48 hours before the end of oestrus

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4
Q

How do you stitch the uterus after a c-section?

A

Sero-muscularyly

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5
Q

How many spermiums do you need to use in the horse?

A

400-800 million

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6
Q

Mow many ml’s of sperm do you need for AI in mare?

A

10-40ml (fresh / cooled)

6-10 0.5ml straws (frozen)

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7
Q

What type of placenta does the mare have?

A

Epitheliochorial and diffuse

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8
Q

Which hormone is the best for mare cycle synchronisation?

A

Progestagen injection

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9
Q

Which one is an abnormal labor pain?

A

Violent pains

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10
Q

Instruments or manoeuvres, which are not used in the ventral position?

A

Wood planks

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11
Q

What kind of instrument would you not use for the reposition of a laterally deviated head in the horse?

A

Caemmerer torsion fork

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12
Q

What is characteristic for Harms dog sitting in horse?

A

Hoofs of the foetus can perforate the uterine wall

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13
Q

You should not perform embryotomy in the case of?

A

A living foetus

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14
Q

Which method of embryotomy consists of less wiring?

A

Bayer-Schaetz method

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15
Q

What does surfactant expression mean?

A

Surface-active lipoprotein in the lung

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16
Q

What kind of acid-base stance is characteristic for a healthy neonate?

A

Slight respiratory metabolic acidosis

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17
Q

What is the first thing you have to do with an asphyxiated neonate?

A

Airway aspiration

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18
Q

Which one is the first step to resuscitate asphyxiated newborns?

A

Aspirate oropharyngeal and tracheal fluid

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19
Q

Which one is a correct treatment for low meconium retention in a foal?

A

Acetylcysteine solution into the rectum,
fluid therapy per os,
and pain control

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20
Q

What does hypercapnia mean?

A

Blood carbonate concentration is increased

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21
Q

What is the optimal condition for solving abnormal position and presentation in large animals?

A

Epidural analgesia,
uterus relaxation,
copious lubricant sedatives

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22
Q

According to the chorionic villi distribution, how can we classify the equine placenta?

A

Placenta diffuse with microcotyledons

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23
Q

Which could be the consequence of asphyxiate?

A

Cerebral haemorrhage and oedema

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24
Q

When could we talk about retention of foetal membranes in the mare?

A

After 3 hours post partum

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25
Q

What is the best method for correction of abnormal presentation in large animals?

A

The nearest limbs have to be pulled into the birth canal; if the hind and front legs are in equal distance we always try for a longitudinal posterior presentation

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26
Q

Which obstetrical snare is not correct to use in the mare?

A

Jöhnk snare

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27
Q

What is the incorrect method for correction of hock flexion in case of large animals?

A

In the case of small foetus, extraction without correction

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28
Q

What is the incorrect method for traction without reposition of the hip flexion in mare?

A

In the case of abortion, premature parts, or if the foetus is small, pull out the foetus with Jöhnk snare

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29
Q

Which abnormality is an absolute indication for c-section in the mare?

A

Dorso-transverse presentation

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30
Q

Which is the easiest way to rotate an equine foetus from ventral to dorsal position?

A

With Caemmerer torsion fork

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31
Q

False statements concerning to the c-section in the mare

A

We open the non-pregnant uterine horn and pull the foetus from the pregnant horn

Putting uterine tablets into the lumen provides sufficient protection in the post-operative therapy

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32
Q

At what gestational age can you first see a heartbeat of an equine embryo?

A

25-28 days

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33
Q

At gestational age should you ideally evaluate a mare for twins?

A

13-15 days

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34
Q

At what gestational age do the endometrial cups form in the mare?

A

35-38 days

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35
Q

At what gestational age are we able to determine foetal gender in the horse?

A

60-70 days

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36
Q

What drug would you give in this mare today?

A

hCG

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37
Q

What would you recommend doing today with this mare?

A

Order semen for tomorrow

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38
Q

When do you want to evaluate this mare again?

A

Wednesday

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39
Q

From when can the conceptus be detected in the mare by means of ultrasonography?

A

From day 11

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40
Q

Which statement is false in connection with the follicles in mares?

A

The usual size of a pre-ovulatory follicle is 100 mm in diameter

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41
Q

Which statement is true in connection with the follicles in mares?

A

At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40 mm in diameter

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42
Q

Which organ produces eCG?

A

Trophoblast cells from endometrial cups

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43
Q

Mare corpus luteum dependent period during pregnancy:

A

1-180 day

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44
Q

After pregnancy day 180, which organ maintains the pregnancy?

A

Foetoplacental unit

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45
Q

What is the ovary cancer-solving method, and what are the symptoms?

A

Treatment:
Surgical removal of the affected ovary; normal oestrus after 6-8 months

Symptoms:
Nymphomania, stallion-like behaviour, and prolonged anoestrus

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46
Q

How can you detect the start of birth in horse?

A

Hypertrophy of the mammary gland,
Distension of teats (4-6 days prior),
Waxing of teats (1-72 hours prior),
CaCO3 increases in milk (1-3 days prior)

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47
Q

How is the recognition of the pregnancy by horses (what factors do they need)?

A

Movement of the embryo inside the uterus

Maternal recognition: INF-like protein, E1SO4

For us to recognise pregnancy: eCG and oestrogen

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48
Q

What is the time of ovulation in horse?

A

1-2 days before the end of oestrus

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49
Q

When is it good to mate / inseminate horse?

A

Second day and every other day in oestrus

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50
Q

How can you transport horse sperm?

A

Cooled (in equitainer (1: 70 hours, 2: 48 hours) and iso-thermaliser) or frozen

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51
Q

Why is GnRH implant good for female horse?

A

It pushes the horse out of it’s transition period (induces oestrus)

52
Q

When is the capsule development in mare?

A

From day 6 to day 22-26

53
Q

What causes the post-mating endometritis by horse?

A

Deposition of semen, bacteria, and debris

54
Q

What causes the acute endometritis in horse?

A

Streptococcus zooepidermicus (75%)

55
Q

Which mares are most prone to infections?

A

Older mares, those with pooling of urine in vagina or accumulation uterine fluid, mares with cervix that fail to relax during oestrus

56
Q

What is granulose cell tumour, and why is it important in horses?

A

It is tho most common ovarian tumour.
Unilateral and produces inhibit, which inhibits function of other very as well. Mare gets aggressive, constant an anoestrus / nymphomania

57
Q

How do the endometrial cups form in horse?

A

From chorionic girdle cells around day 35

58
Q

What do you use to shorten the spring transitional period in horses?

A

Light

Also: Progestagen injection, hCG, GnRH

59
Q

Which bacterium is responsible for equine metritis in most cases?

A

Streptococcus zooepidermicus
E.coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumonia

Less common:
T. equigenitalis (CEM)

60
Q

What is not characteristic in case of uterine torsion in horses?

A

The vagina is involved in the torsion

61
Q

What is not informative in early pregnancy detection in horses?

A

eCG

62
Q

Which would you use to decrease oedema in prolapsed uterus in horse?

A

Sugar

63
Q

What are the possible semen preservations, quantity, and temperature in horse?

A

Fresh (20ml)
Chilled (4 degrees, 20 ml)
Frozen (-196 degrees, 6-10 0.5 ml straws)

64
Q

How many sperm must be / optimal in frozen semen?

A

400-800 million

Chilled semen = 1 billion

65
Q

What is not characteristic of frozen semen?

A

It is only possible to freeze semen in 10% of the horses

66
Q

When do you inseminate in horse?

A

Positive probing test

67
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle in mares?

A

21 days

68
Q

Which hormone elevates in horse at the end of pregnancy?

A

Relaxin

69
Q

Which one is characteristic in the pregnancy of horse?

A

The zygote develops a glycoprotein layer of 2 um diameter on day 6-30

70
Q

What do you use in the inter seasonal period in mare to synchronise oestrus cycle?

A

Light-program or GnRH

71
Q

What is Deslorelin used for in mares?

A

To delay oestrus (in case of transporting, competition, etc.)

72
Q

What can predict the parturition is coming soon in mare?

A

CaCO3 level in colostrum is higher than 200 ppm

73
Q

What is the best way to evaluate time until parturition in horse?

A

Measure calcium carbonate from colostrum, hormonal change, and behavioural change

74
Q

How do you treat mares with CEM (Contagious Equine Metritis bacteria)?

A

With topical and systemic antibiotics.

Treat mares only after CEM bacteria cleared from the uterus (may take several months)

75
Q

What is the most frequent causative agent in horse, that causes endometritis?

A

Streptococcus zooepidermicus

76
Q

What are the advantages of AI in horse?

A 
More sperm
Less stress
Biosecurity
Regulated sperm quality
No transport of horses
Preserve semen of endangered breeds
77
Q

What would you use / not use to introduce ovulation in horse?

A

Use: Light, progestogen, GnRH, hCG

Not use: eCG

78
Q

What happens in the tail of the epididymis?

A

Storage, maturation, and formation of acrosome

79
Q

What is the most important thing to do (to the foetus) after birth?

A

Stimulate respiration

80
Q

How to best determine infertility in horse?

A 
US
Rectal palpation
Hormone evaluation
Look at recordings from earlier cycles
Biopsy
81
Q

How to treat retained placenta in horse?

A

Pump in fluid and oxytocin, pull it out, and give antibiotics

82
Q

What is the time of ovulation in horse?

A

24-48 hours (1-2 days) before the end of oestrus

83
Q

What is the first thing to do with neonates after birth?

A

Check heart rate
Check respiratory function
Wash / clean foal

84
Q

What is capsule of zygote?

A

Thin glycoprotein layer

85
Q

How do we treat the laceration of the perineum?

A

Do surgery after 4-6 weeks

86
Q

Which level(s) of the uterine wall have to be sutured?

A

Mucosal layer and serial layer

87
Q

What is a special characteristic for equine embryo development?

A

Capsule development from day 6 to day 22-26,
implantation on 17th day,
enters uterus on day 9

88
Q

What is the most important to give to the horse, is it gets a wound between the rectum and the vagina?
(Perineal laceration)

A

Caslick or perineal body construction

89
Q

Do horses have resistance to Trichothecenes toxicosis?

A

Yes

90
Q

Is the horse sensitive to Zearalenone toxicosis?

A

Yes

91
Q

How long can semen be kept on a specific temperature before the quality of the sample decreases?

A

Normally 24-70 hours

92
Q

What is the incorrect statement about third degree perineal laceration?

A

Treatment straight away, surgery after 4-6 weeks, and give antibiotics

93
Q

When should you give fresh semen?

A

24-48 hours before ovulation

94
Q

When should you give chilled semen?

A

12-18 hours before ovulation

95
Q

When should you give frozen semen?

A

6 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation

96
Q

Why is frozen semen good?

A

Unlimited storage

97
Q

How long does it take for a horse to form accessory corpus luteum?

A

Between day 35-150 (200)

98
Q

How can you mechanically stimulate respiration in the newborn?

A

Mouth to mouth expired air,

Tracheal airtime with AMBU balloon

99
Q

What is the difference between treatment protocols of oestrus synchronisation and oestrus indication?

A: There is not any difference between the two methods

B: Oestrus induction is used in non-breeding season. The treatment with progestagen is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG / PMSG)

C: Oestrus introduction is used in the breeding season and the treatment with progestagen is combined with human chorionic gonadotrop hormone (hCG)

D: Oestrus induction is used in the breeding season and the treatment with pregestagen is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG / PMSG)

E: Oestrus induction is used in the non-breeding season and the treatment with progestagen is not combined with any other hormone

A

B: Oestrus induction is used in non-breeding season. The treatment with progestaegn is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG / PMSG)

100
Q

Which is the most commonly used transducer in the ultrasonographic examination of genitals in mares?

A: Linear; 56,6 Hz

B: Sector; 56,6 MHz

C: Linear; 1012 MHz

D: Linear; 57 MHz

E: Sector; 56,6 MHz

A

D: Linear; 57 MHz

101
Q

What is the earliest time when the pregnancy can be checked by ultrasonography in a mare?

A: 9-12 days after the first insemination

B: On the 16th day after the first insemination

C: 9-12 days after ovulation

D: On the 16th day after ovulation

E: On the 22nd day after ovulation

A

C: 9-12 days after ovulation

102
Q

From which mucosal layer(s) of the uterus should the biopsy samples be taken?

A: From the mucous membrane, the submucosa, and the inner circular muscle

B: From the mucous membrane, the submucosa, and the outset circular muscle

C: Only from the mucous membrane

D: From the mucous membrane, the submucosa, and the outer longitudinal muscle

E: From the mucous membrane, the submucosa, and the inner longitudinal muscle

A

C: Only from the mucous membrane

103
Q

In an oestrus mare, what does the cross-section of the uterus horns look like by ultrasonography?

A: An apple

B: Grapes

C: A lemon

D: A pear

E: A peach

A

C: A lemon

104
Q

Which organs are the protecting seals of tubular genitals in the mare?

A: The vulval lips

B: The vulval lips and the internal uterine ostium

C: The vulval lips and the internal and external uterine ostium

D: The vulval lips, the cervix, and the vestibular seal

E: The vulval lips and the vestibular seal

A

D: The vulval lips, the cervix, and the vestibular seal

105
Q

Which statement is true in connection with a corpus luteum (CL) in mares?

A: The CL is palpable rectally in every case

B: The CL is never palpable rectally

C: The CL appears on the US as a non-echogrenic area

D: The CL cannot be examined using US

E: The CL can be most successfully examined using US

A

E: The CL can be most successfully examined using US

106
Q

Which statement is true in connection with the tertiary (antral) follicles in mare?

A: The follicles are palpable rectally in every case

B: The follicles are never palpable rectally

C: The follicles appear on the US as a non-echogenic area

D: The follicles cannot be examined using US

E: The follicles can only be examined with US

A

C: The follicles appear on the US as a non-echogenic area

107
Q

Which statement is true in connection with the follicles in mares?

A: US allows the primary, secondary, and tertiary (antral) follicles to be examined

B: US only allows the primary and secondary follicles to be examined

C: US only allows the tertiary (antral) follicles to be examined

D: The primary and secondary follicles can only be examined rectally

E: Only the primary follicles can be examined rectally

A

C: US only allows the tertiary (antral) follicles to be examined

108
Q

Which statement is FALSE in connection with the follicles in mares?

A: The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is 30-40 mm in diameter

B: The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is 100 mm in diameter

C: The maximum (but unusual) size of a preovulatory follicle in 100 mm in diameter

D: Follicles 15 mm in diameter are usually not sensitive to gonadotroph hormones

E: Follicles 15 mm in diameter usually do not produce significant quantity of oestrogen

A

B: The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is 100 mm in diameter

109
Q

Which statement is TRUE in connection with the follicles in mares?

A: All tercier (antral) follicles can produce significant quantities of oestrogens

B: The minimal size of tercier (antral) follicles is 30-40 mm in diameter

C: The secondary follicles can produce significant quantity of oestrogens

D: After the beginning of the atretic degeneration the follicles can not be detected by ultrasonography

E: At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40 mm in diameter

A

E: At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40 mm in diameter

110
Q

When (which period of the oestrous cycle) must samples be taken for endometrial bacteriology in mares?

A: During the oestrus

B: During the diestrus

C: At any time (it can not be considered)

D: During the proestrus

E: During the anestrus

A

A. During the oestrus

111
Q

How (which method) must samples be taken for endometrial bacteriology in mares?

A: With endometrial biopsy

B: With a protected sterile swab

C: With vaginal flushing

D: With any of the above three methods

E: With none of the above three methods

A

B. With a protected sterile swab

112
Q

When (which period of the oestrous cycle) must samples be taken for endometrial cytology in mares?

A: During the oestrus

B: During the diestrus

C: At any time (it can not be considered)

D: During the proestrus

E: During the anestrus

A

A: During the oestrus

113
Q

Choose the right answer:

A: Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used for synchronisation in double dose as compared to ruminants because the CL is insensitive to the prostaglandins during the first 12 days

B: Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used in one third to half dose as compared to the ruminants because the horse is very sensitive to the prostaglandin side effects

C: Prostaglandins in the mares cannot be used for controlling the oestrous cycle, only for induction of parturition

D: Twin pregnancy in the mare can be eliminated by single prostaglandin injection administered after 40 days

E: The location of the equine CL is deep in the ovary therefore the prostaglandins are not effective in the mare

A

B: Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used in one third to half dose as compared to the ruminants because the horse is very sensitive to the prostaglandin side effects

114
Q

Choose the right answer:

A: Maternal recognition of the pregnancy is mediated by interferon tau produced by the conceptus

B: Maternal recognition of the pregnancy is mediated by estradiol 17 beta produced by the conceptus between day 12-15

C: Maternal recognition of the pregnancy is mediated by a 40.000 D molecular weight protein, which is not interferon tau and produced by the conceptus

D: The pregnancy in the mare is recognised after the decapsulation by day 22

E: The pregnancy in the mare is recognised after the implantation by day 50

A

C: Maternal recognition of the pregnancy is mediated by a 40.000 D molecular weight protein, which is not interferon tau and produced by the conceptus

115
Q

Choose the right answer:

A: In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary throughout the entire pregnancy (CL dependent species)

B: In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary only during the first 5 months, therafter the foetoplacental unit produces enough sexualsteroid hormones for maintaining the pregnancy

C: In pregnant mares, both the primary and the accessory corpora lutea are retained throughout but after the day 250 they do not play role in maintaining the pregnancy

D: The horse pregnancy is throughout maintained by eCG (PMSG) produced by the endometrial cups

E: The horse pregnancy is throughout maintained by oestrogens synthesised by the foetal gonads

A

B: In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary only during the first 5 months, therafter the foetoplacental unit produces enough sexualsteroid hormones for maintaining the pregnancy

116
Q

Choose the right answer:

A: Artificial insemination in the mare is successful only with undiluted fresh semen

B: Insemination of the mare with deep frozen semen is successful only when the sperm is deposited deep into the uterus

C: Insemination of the mare is possible both with fresh and chilled semen which can be stored in special containers for 24-72 hours without significant loss of fertility

D: Artificial insemination of the mare is similar to the cattle: 0,25 ml deep frozen semen is deposited partly into the uterine body, partly into the cervix

E: As the stallion ejaculates into the vagina, fresh semen should be inseminated into the vagina

A

C: Insemination of the mare is possible both with fresh and chilled semen which can be stored in special containers for 24-72 hours without significant loss of fertility

117
Q

Choose the right answer:

A: Double ovulation never occur in mares

B: Twin pregnancy never occur in mares

C: In mares the only outcome of twin pregnancy is the abortion

D: In mares the only outcome of twin pregnancy is the embryonic/early foetal loss

E: In mares the embryonic / early foetal loss, abortion and stillbirth are the possible consequences of twin pregnancy

A

E: In mares the embryonic / early foetal loss, abortion and stillbirth are the possible consequences of twin pregnancy

118
Q

Choose the right answer: in mares the endometrial cups produce

A: eCG (PMSG)

B: hCG

C: PSPB (pregnancy specific protein B)

D: PAG (pregnancy associated
glycoprotein)

E: The endometrial cups produce GnRH

A

A: eCG (PMSG)

119
Q

Choose the right answer: the embryos enter the uterus

A: In mares: on days 5-6 of gestation

B: In cows: on day 8 of gestation

C: In gilts/sows: on day 5 of gestation

D: In ewes: on days 2-3 of gestation

E: In shegoats: on days 2-3 of gestation

A

A: In mares: on days 5-6 of gestation

120
Q

Choose the false statement: in the mare

A: The corpus luteum graviditatis is formed after recognition of pregnancy

B: After day 20 of gestation the progesterone concentration decreases

C: The P4 production of the primary corpus luteum is increased by eCG

D: The P4 production of the secondary corpus luteum is increased by eCG

E: Only the P4 producing of the placenta is increasing to the effect of eCG

A

E: Only the P4 producing of the placenta is increasing to the effect of eCG

121
Q

Choose the FALSE statement: in the mare

A: After fertilisation the oestrogen (E2) level is increased and can be detected as a secondary postovulatory peak

B: The signals for recognition of pregnancy are produced by oestrogens/proteins

C: The oestrogen concentration on the 36th day is higher than at ovulation

D: Oestrogens are only produced by the secondary follicles

E: Oestrogens are also produced by corpus luteum graviditatis

A

D: Oestrogens are only produced by the secondary follicles

122
Q

Choose the FALSE statement: in mares

A: To exclude twin pregnancy echographic examination is suggested after day 14 of gestation

B: We repeat this at day 29 of gestation

C: We repeat this at day 35 of gestation

D: In case of twin pregnancy the reduction of one embryo is advised on days 19-20

E: In the presence of two adjacent embryos induction of luteolysis is recommended

A

C: We repeat this at day 35 of gestation

123
Q

Choose the FALSE statement: in mares

A: Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 22 of pregnancy

B: Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 14 of pregnancy

C: Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 29 of pregnancy

D: Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 45 of pregnancy

E: Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 26 of pregnancy

A

D: Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 45 of pregnancy

124
Q

When is it always recommended to perform C-section in these cases?

A: If the calf foetus is dead

B: In the mare during dorsotransverse presentation of a dead foal

C: In monstrosities in cows

D: In the mare in case of a Harms dog sitting position

A

B: In the mare during dorsotransverse presentation of a dead foal

125
Q

What can be considered as a primary indication for a C-section?

A: Fresh dead foetus in the uterus

B: Carpal flexion

C: Relatively large living foetus

D: Absolutely large dead foetus

A

C: Relatively large living foetus

126
Q

The name of the most frequently used double tube fetatome:

A: Thygesen

B: Harms

C: Ostertag

D: Benesch

A

A: Thygesen

127
Q

When is the secondary corpus luteum formed in the mare?

A

Between day 35-150 (200)

Obstetrics (6 decks)

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