Semester 2 Final Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
the development of industries for the machine production of Goods
A
industrialization
2
Q
the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine
A
Industrial Revolution
3
Q
one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farms
A
enclosure
4
Q
the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
A
crop rotation
5
Q
a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
A
factory
6
Q
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
A
entrepreneur
7
Q
the growth of cities and the migration of people into them
A
urbanization
8
Q
a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers
A
Middle Class
9
Q
a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
A
Corporation
10
Q
the shares of a particular company or corporation
A
Stock
11
Q
Land, Labor, and capital
A
Factors of production
12
Q
the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
A
Laissez-Faire
13
Q
a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations
A
Adam Smith
14
Q
an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit
A
Capitalism
15
Q
The economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all people is called
A
socialism
16
Q
the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
A
utilitarianism
17
Q
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary
A
Karl Marx
18
Q
First area to industrialize. Many new inventions: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, power loom, and cotton gin
A
Textile Idustry
19
Q
an economic system in which all means of production—land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses— are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally
A
Communism
20
Q
an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
A
Union
21
Q
to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands
A
Strike
22
Q
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes
A
Communist Manifesto
23
Q
Causes: Natural resources, expanding economy, highly developed banking system, political stability, no wars. Effects: New inventions, improvements in transportation, railroads
A
Causes and Effects of Industrialization
24
Q
a city in NW England: connected with the Mersey estuary by a ship canal, one of the first cities to industrialize
A
Manchester
25
a thickly populated, run-down, squalid part of a city, inhabited by poor people
Slums
26
a member of any of various bands of workers in England (1811–16) organized to destroy manufacturing machinery, under the belief that its use diminished employment. Someone who is opposed or resistant to new technologies or technological change
Luddites
27
An outbreak or unusually high occurrence of a disease or illness in a population or area
Epidemic
28
any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting. ... a material, as a fiber or yarn, used in or suitable for weaving
Textile
29
refers to financial assets or the financial value of assets, such as funds held in deposit accounts, as well as the tangible machinery and production equipment used in environments such as factories and other manufacturing facilities
capital
30
the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies
Imperialism
31
positive effects of the industrial revolution
Assembly line - many people working on different tasks
| Mass Production - creation of a lot more production
32
worldwide impact of the industrial revolution
living and working conditions, urbanization (the growth of cities), child labor, public health, working class family life, the role of women, the emerging middle class, and economic growth and income.
33
the belief that one race is superior to others
racism
34
the application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies—particularly as the justification for imperialist expansion
Social Darwinism
35
a meeting in 1884–1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa
Berlin Conference
36
a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state
Shaka
37
Dutch colonist in South Africa
Boer
38
a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa
Boer War
39
a policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights, European nations had to help the African nation
paternalism
40
the adoption of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people (p. 205). a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs
assimilation
41
He became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. He successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other, all of whom were striving to bring Ethiopia into their spheres of influence
Menelik II
42
a republic in W Africa: founded by freed American slaves 1822
Liberia
43
a bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark used as a tonic and formerly as an antimalarial drug
quinine
44
Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power
steam engine
45
a control that is directly imposed upon the manufacturing, pricing, and distribution of specific goods in contrast with an indirect or general control (such as a credit and fiscal policy) that affects the economy in its entirety and specific goods only indirectly
direct control
46
a member of a South African people traditionally living mainly in KwaZulu-Natal province. The Zulus formed a powerful military empire in southern Africa during the 19th century before being defeated in a series of engagements with Afrikaner and British settlers
zulus
47
Formerly Abyssinia. a republic in E Africa: formerly a monarchy
Ethiopia
48
a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign
Colonies
49
the first fully automatic water-cooled machine gun, designed in Britain in 1884 and used especially in World War I
Maxim Gun
50
a person or thing that protects; defender; guardian
protector
51
rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures
Indirect Control
52
What was the British East Company?
Merchants involved was to break the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade with the east indies
53
how were the effects of the British rule in India positive
the indus revolution turned Indian to a major supplier of raw materials for the workshop worlds third largest railroad
54
what problems did British rule bring to India
British set up restrictions that prevent the Indian from operating on its own
55
what was the result of the sepoy mutiny
Government of Bombay referred to the sepoy army as delicate and dangerous machine which a little little miss management easily turned against us
56
why did Indians form two groups to push the British to make changes?
two groups were calling for self government
57
Christian Indian practice did some Indian leaders want to change
conflict over the control of India
58
Indian soldiers serving under British commands
sepoy
59
the British colony of India
jewel in the crown
60
rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India
Sephony Mutiny
61
the British controlled portions of India in the years
Raj
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was the founder of the Brahmo of Sabha movement
Ram Mohun Roy
63
Patriotic feelings Principles or effects
Nationism
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Dominated the independent movement
Indian National Congress
65
Political organization of India and Pakistan
Muslim League
66
British killing of nearly 400 Indians at a festival
Amritsar Massacre
67
Deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law
Civil Disobedience
68
the leader of Indians independence movement who advocated nonviolent resistance
Mohandas K. Gandhi
69
British Laws that allowed the government to jail Indian protesters without trial for as long as two years
Rowlatt Acts
70
Peaceful protest against the British Salt Acts
Salt March
71
Who was the leader of Indias Independence movement
Mohandas K. Gandhi
72
what was the goal of the Indias Independence movement
Equality
73
where did the Indias Independence movement happen
India
74
When did the Indias Independence movement
The 1900s
75
Why did the Indias Independence movement
for all members to have equal rights
76
How did the Indias Independence movement operate
Civil Disobedience
77
the Chinese Nationalist Party, formed in 1912
Kuomintang
78
Among the groups pushing for modernization and nationalization was the Kuomintang or the Nationalist Party. Its first great leader was
Sun Yixian
79
a national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference
May Fourth Movement
80
a major national political party in India—also known as the Indian National Congress
Congress Party
81
an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India’s Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu Nations
Muslim League
82
a division into parts, like the 1947 division of the British colony of India into the two nations of India and Pakistan
partition
83
movement n. a movement in which French-speaking Africans and West Indians celebrated their heritage of traditional African culture and Values
Negritude
84
Starting in 1947, he worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British
Kwame Nkrumah
85
One was the strong leadership of Kenyan nationalist
Jomo Kenyatta
86
became first president of the newly independent Algeria. He attempted to make Algeria a socialist state, but was over thrown in 1965 by his army commander
Ahmed Ben Bella
87
seized power in 1965. For 32 years, Mobutu ruled the country that he renamed Zaire. He maintained control though a combination of force, one party rule, and gifts to supporters
Mobutu Sese Seko
88
a republic in central Africa, W of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
congo
89
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward
Gold Coast
90
two groups committed to ridding India of Foreign rule
Muslim legue - Muslims
| National Congress - Hindo
91
Laws passed by Britain that allowed the government to jail Indian Protestors without trial for as long as two years
Rowlatt act
92
peaceful protest march to the seacoast led by Gandhi
Salt March
93
1935 law that provided for limited democratic elections but not total independence in India
Government of India Act
94
This nation was formerly known as East Pakistan
Bangladesh
95
This congress party leader was independent india's first Prime minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
96
This politician was twice elected prime minister of pakistan but was removed from office in 1996
Benazir Bhutto
97
This muslim league leader died shortly after becoming the first governor-general of independent of Pakistan
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
98
This former prime minister of India was assassinated by a tamil terrorist in 1991 while camping for reelection
Rajiv Gandhi
99
This mostly Hindu country is the words largest democracy
India
100
Known as the Mahatma or "geat soul"of the Indian independence movement , this congress party leader was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu extremist
Mohandas Gandhi
101
New nation created by division of India
Pakistan
102
Launched a nonviolent campaign of Indian
| non-cooperation with the British
Mohandas Gandhi
103
New name for East Pakistan after it declared
| independence
Bangladesh
104
India’s national political party
Congress Party
105
a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s opium trade in China
Opium War
106
an exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a Country
extraterritorial rights
107
mid-19th century rebel- lion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
Taiping Rebellion
108
foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities
sphere of influence
109
a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
Open Door Policy
110
1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country
Boxer Rebellion
111
who founded the Kuomintang?
Sun Yixian
112
Who was with Sun Yixian successor?
Jiang Jieshi
113
which group was also known as the kuomintang
Nationalists
114
which group was forced to go on the long march?
Communists
115
who was one of the founders of the chinese communist party?
Mao Zedong
116
which group attracted the support of china's peasants in the 1920s?
Communists
117
who became the first president of the nationalist republic of china
Sun Yixian
118
To whom did the treaty of versailles give territories and privileges in china
Japanese
119
which group's 1937 invasion brought about an uneasy truce in China's civil war?
Japanese
120
which group joined with the kuomintang in the 1920's to defeat
Communists
121
what occurred in response to the treatment of China in the treaty of versailles?
May fourth movement
122
who became the president of the republic of china after overthrow of the Qing Dynasty
Sun Yixian
123
which leader ordered the Shanghai massacre that nearly wiped out the chinese communists
Jiang Jieshi
124
a group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities
communes
125
any of various radical or socialist groups, in particular a militant youth movement in China (1966–76) that carried out attacks on intellectuals and other disfavored groups as part of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution
Red Guards
126
Mao's plan for large farm collective farms
great leap forward
127
major uprising in china whose goal was to establish a society in which all were equal and intellectual and artistic activity was considered dangerous
cultural revolution
128
new name for China under Mao zedong
peoples republic of China
129
the island which nationalist forces retreated
twain
130
the country was taken over by China in a brutal assault in 1950 and 1951
Tibet
131
Tibetan religious leader who fled to India when China took control of Tibet
Dalai Lama
132
a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
federal system
133
a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest
martial law
134
an opponent of a government’s policies or actions
dissident
135
a South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites
apartheid
136
One was ANC leader
Nelson Mandela
137
the treaty of nanjing gave control of this island to Britain
Taiping Rebellion
138
these were regions of china in which britain, france, germany, japan and Russia dominated trade and investment
spheres of influence
139
this ruler's 1898 movement to modernize China was brought to an end by a more powerful chinese ruler
Hong Xiuquan
140
this ruler who at times adopted reforms and at other times rejected them, ruled china almost continuously between 1861 and 1908
Beijing
141
this leader's desire to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" resulted in the creation of the taiping goverment
hong xiuquan
142
this open clash between the british and the chinese resulted in the humilating defeat of china and the signing of the treaty of nanjing
taiping rebellion
143
The postwar movement that celebrated
| African culture and heritage was called
the Negritude movement
144
The first African colony south of the Sahara to gain independence was
Gold Coast
145
The leader who worked to liberate Golf Coast from the British was
Kwame Nkrumah
146
The Kenyan nationalist leader who forced the British to accept African self-government was
Jomo Kenyatta
147
The secret society made up mostly of African farmers forced out by the British was
the Mau Mau
148
The first president of newly-independent Algeria was
Ahmed Ben Bella
149
Mobutu Sense Seko changed the name of the Congo to
Zaire
150
Angola's independence movement was an attempt to free itself form the control of
Portugal
151
the main reason African countries had difficulty establishing democracies was
because of poverty
false - European colonial rule
