Semester 2 Final Flashcards
the development of industries for the machine production of Goods
industrialization
the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine
Industrial Revolution
one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farms
enclosure
the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
crop rotation
a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
factory
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
entrepreneur
the growth of cities and the migration of people into them
urbanization
a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers
Middle Class
a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
Corporation
the shares of a particular company or corporation
Stock
Land, Labor, and capital
Factors of production
the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
Laissez-Faire
a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit
Capitalism
The economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all people is called
socialism
the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
utilitarianism
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary
Karl Marx
First area to industrialize. Many new inventions: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, power loom, and cotton gin
Textile Idustry
an economic system in which all means of production—land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses— are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally
Communism
an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
Union
to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands
Strike
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes
Communist Manifesto
Causes: Natural resources, expanding economy, highly developed banking system, political stability, no wars. Effects: New inventions, improvements in transportation, railroads
Causes and Effects of Industrialization
a city in NW England: connected with the Mersey estuary by a ship canal, one of the first cities to industrialize
Manchester
a thickly populated, run-down, squalid part of a city, inhabited by poor people
Slums
a member of any of various bands of workers in England (1811–16) organized to destroy manufacturing machinery, under the belief that its use diminished employment. Someone who is opposed or resistant to new technologies or technological change
Luddites
An outbreak or unusually high occurrence of a disease or illness in a population or area
Epidemic
any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting. … a material, as a fiber or yarn, used in or suitable for weaving
Textile
refers to financial assets or the financial value of assets, such as funds held in deposit accounts, as well as the tangible machinery and production equipment used in environments such as factories and other manufacturing facilities
capital
the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies
Imperialism
positive effects of the industrial revolution
Assembly line - many people working on different tasks
Mass Production - creation of a lot more production
worldwide impact of the industrial revolution
living and working conditions, urbanization (the growth of cities), child labor, public health, working class family life, the role of women, the emerging middle class, and economic growth and income.
the belief that one race is superior to others
racism
the application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies—particularly as the justification for imperialist expansion
Social Darwinism
a meeting in 1884–1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa
Berlin Conference
a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state
Shaka
Dutch colonist in South Africa
Boer
a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa
Boer War
a policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights, European nations had to help the African nation
paternalism
the adoption of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people (p. 205). a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs
assimilation
He became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. He successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other, all of whom were striving to bring Ethiopia into their spheres of influence
Menelik II
a republic in W Africa: founded by freed American slaves 1822
Liberia
a bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark used as a tonic and formerly as an antimalarial drug
quinine
Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power
steam engine
a control that is directly imposed upon the manufacturing, pricing, and distribution of specific goods in contrast with an indirect or general control (such as a credit and fiscal policy) that affects the economy in its entirety and specific goods only indirectly
direct control
a member of a South African people traditionally living mainly in KwaZulu-Natal province. The Zulus formed a powerful military empire in southern Africa during the 19th century before being defeated in a series of engagements with Afrikaner and British settlers
zulus
Formerly Abyssinia. a republic in E Africa: formerly a monarchy
Ethiopia
a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign
Colonies
the first fully automatic water-cooled machine gun, designed in Britain in 1884 and used especially in World War I
Maxim Gun
a person or thing that protects; defender; guardian
protector
rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures
Indirect Control
What was the British East Company?
Merchants involved was to break the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade with the east indies
how were the effects of the British rule in India positive
the indus revolution turned Indian to a major supplier of raw materials for the workshop worlds third largest railroad
what problems did British rule bring to India
British set up restrictions that prevent the Indian from operating on its own
what was the result of the sepoy mutiny
Government of Bombay referred to the sepoy army as delicate and dangerous machine which a little little miss management easily turned against us
why did Indians form two groups to push the British to make changes?
two groups were calling for self government
Christian Indian practice did some Indian leaders want to change
conflict over the control of India
Indian soldiers serving under British commands
sepoy
the British colony of India
jewel in the crown
rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India
Sephony Mutiny
the British controlled portions of India in the years
Raj
was the founder of the Brahmo of Sabha movement
Ram Mohun Roy
Patriotic feelings Principles or effects
Nationism
Dominated the independent movement
Indian National Congress
Political organization of India and Pakistan
Muslim League
British killing of nearly 400 Indians at a festival
Amritsar Massacre
Deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law
Civil Disobedience
the leader of Indians independence movement who advocated nonviolent resistance
Mohandas K. Gandhi
British Laws that allowed the government to jail Indian protesters without trial for as long as two years
Rowlatt Acts
Peaceful protest against the British Salt Acts
Salt March
Who was the leader of Indias Independence movement
Mohandas K. Gandhi
what was the goal of the Indias Independence movement
Equality
where did the Indias Independence movement happen
India
When did the Indias Independence movement
The 1900s
Why did the Indias Independence movement
for all members to have equal rights
How did the Indias Independence movement operate
Civil Disobedience
the Chinese Nationalist Party, formed in 1912
Kuomintang
Among the groups pushing for modernization and nationalization was the Kuomintang or the Nationalist Party. Its first great leader was
Sun Yixian
a national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference
May Fourth Movement
a major national political party in India—also known as the Indian National Congress
Congress Party
an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India’s Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu Nations
Muslim League
a division into parts, like the 1947 division of the British colony of India into the two nations of India and Pakistan
partition
movement n. a movement in which French-speaking Africans and West Indians celebrated their heritage of traditional African culture and Values
Negritude
Starting in 1947, he worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British
Kwame Nkrumah
One was the strong leadership of Kenyan nationalist
Jomo Kenyatta
became first president of the newly independent Algeria. He attempted to make Algeria a socialist state, but was over thrown in 1965 by his army commander
Ahmed Ben Bella
seized power in 1965. For 32 years, Mobutu ruled the country that he renamed Zaire. He maintained control though a combination of force, one party rule, and gifts to supporters
Mobutu Sese Seko
a republic in central Africa, W of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
congo
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward
Gold Coast
two groups committed to ridding India of Foreign rule
Muslim legue - Muslims
National Congress - Hindo
Laws passed by Britain that allowed the government to jail Indian Protestors without trial for as long as two years
Rowlatt act
peaceful protest march to the seacoast led by Gandhi
Salt March
1935 law that provided for limited democratic elections but not total independence in India
Government of India Act
This nation was formerly known as East Pakistan
Bangladesh
This congress party leader was independent india’s first Prime minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
This politician was twice elected prime minister of pakistan but was removed from office in 1996
Benazir Bhutto
This muslim league leader died shortly after becoming the first governor-general of independent of Pakistan
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
This former prime minister of India was assassinated by a tamil terrorist in 1991 while camping for reelection
Rajiv Gandhi
This mostly Hindu country is the words largest democracy
India
Known as the Mahatma or “geat soul”of the Indian independence movement , this congress party leader was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu extremist
Mohandas Gandhi
New nation created by division of India
Pakistan
Launched a nonviolent campaign of Indian
non-cooperation with the British
Mohandas Gandhi
New name for East Pakistan after it declared
independence
Bangladesh
India’s national political party
Congress Party
a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s opium trade in China
Opium War
an exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a Country
extraterritorial rights
mid-19th century rebel- lion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
Taiping Rebellion
foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities
sphere of influence
a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
Open Door Policy
1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country
Boxer Rebellion
who founded the Kuomintang?
Sun Yixian
Who was with Sun Yixian successor?
Jiang Jieshi
which group was also known as the kuomintang
Nationalists
which group was forced to go on the long march?
Communists
who was one of the founders of the chinese communist party?
Mao Zedong
which group attracted the support of china’s peasants in the 1920s?
Communists
who became the first president of the nationalist republic of china
Sun Yixian
To whom did the treaty of versailles give territories and privileges in china
Japanese
which group’s 1937 invasion brought about an uneasy truce in China’s civil war?
Japanese
which group joined with the kuomintang in the 1920’s to defeat
Communists
what occurred in response to the treatment of China in the treaty of versailles?
May fourth movement
who became the president of the republic of china after overthrow of the Qing Dynasty
Sun Yixian
which leader ordered the Shanghai massacre that nearly wiped out the chinese communists
Jiang Jieshi
a group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities
communes
any of various radical or socialist groups, in particular a militant youth movement in China (1966–76) that carried out attacks on intellectuals and other disfavored groups as part of Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution
Red Guards
Mao’s plan for large farm collective farms
great leap forward
major uprising in china whose goal was to establish a society in which all were equal and intellectual and artistic activity was considered dangerous
cultural revolution
new name for China under Mao zedong
peoples republic of China
the island which nationalist forces retreated
twain
the country was taken over by China in a brutal assault in 1950 and 1951
Tibet
Tibetan religious leader who fled to India when China took control of Tibet
Dalai Lama
a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
federal system
a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest
martial law
an opponent of a government’s policies or actions
dissident
a South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites
apartheid
One was ANC leader
Nelson Mandela
the treaty of nanjing gave control of this island to Britain
Taiping Rebellion
these were regions of china in which britain, france, germany, japan and Russia dominated trade and investment
spheres of influence
this ruler’s 1898 movement to modernize China was brought to an end by a more powerful chinese ruler
Hong Xiuquan
this ruler who at times adopted reforms and at other times rejected them, ruled china almost continuously between 1861 and 1908
Beijing
this leader’s desire to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace” resulted in the creation of the taiping goverment
hong xiuquan
this open clash between the british and the chinese resulted in the humilating defeat of china and the signing of the treaty of nanjing
taiping rebellion
The postwar movement that celebrated
African culture and heritage was called
the Negritude movement
The first African colony south of the Sahara to gain independence was
Gold Coast
The leader who worked to liberate Golf Coast from the British was
Kwame Nkrumah
The Kenyan nationalist leader who forced the British to accept African self-government was
Jomo Kenyatta
The secret society made up mostly of African farmers forced out by the British was
the Mau Mau
The first president of newly-independent Algeria was
Ahmed Ben Bella
Mobutu Sense Seko changed the name of the Congo to
Zaire
Angola’s independence movement was an attempt to free itself form the control of
Portugal
the main reason African countries had difficulty establishing democracies was
because of poverty
false - European colonial rule
