Modern Africa Flashcards
2 nationalistic groups
- Indian National Congress
- Muslim League
allowed the government to to imprison protestors without trials for up to 2 years
Rowlett Act
the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law
civil disobedience
He told the Indians to refuse British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections. - He also boycotted British cloth.
- The spinning wheel was used as a symbol of resistance.
- The sale of British cloth dropped.
Boycotts
- Civil disobedience took an economic toll on the British
- 1920 British arrest thousands of Indians who took part in strikes and demonstrations.
- In spite of pleas for nonviolence, protests led to riots
Strikes and Demonstrations
- By 1935, the British parliament passed the Government of India Act- gave more local self-government, granted limited democratic elections- Is not total independence.
- At this point, Britain gets involved in WWII so movement in India is paused.
Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule
gave more local self-government, granted limited democratic elections- Is not total independence.
the Government of India Act
British laws that allowed Indians to be held in jail without trial for up to 2 years if they were deemed a threat to the British government.
Rowlatt Acts (1919)
During a large peaceful protest of the Rowlatt Acts in the city of Amristar, British soldiers fired into the crowd. They killed 400 and wounded 1200.
Amritsar Massacre (1919)
The name given to Colonel Reginald Dyer, the British officer responsible for British soldiers shooting peaceful protesters at Amristar.
The Butcher of Amritsar
This is the deliberate and public refusal by people to obey an unjust law.
civil disobedience
Gandhi and his followers walk to the seashore and start to make their own salt with saltwater. This was a protest of British control of salt in India.
Salt March (1930)
The leader of the Indian independence movement, who in civil disobedience and non-violence.
Mohandas Gandhi
This group of Indian Hindus wanted to rid India of British rule. It worked with Muslim League to get rid of British.
Indian National Congress
This group of Indian Muslim wanted torid India of British rule. It worked with Indian National Congress to get rid of British.
Muslim League
A refusal to buy goods from a specific company or group. Gandhi organized boycotts of British goods like cloth.
boycott
group protests against the government.Gandhi wanted demonstrations to be peaceful, not violent.
demonstrations
a refusal by workers to work, another form of civil disobedience
strike
The Congress party’s position that Indians should not cooperate with the British government
noncooperation (1920)
The British gave Indians some local control over their government and some limited elections, but did not give them independence or give them full rights as British citizens
Government of India Act (1935)
India granted full independence, and divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India.
Partition of India Act (1947)
What were the causes of the Indian Nationalist Movement?
- Indians learn democratic values while in school in England, and want to apply those values in India.
- Indian soldiers who fought for Britain in World War I are promised independence of India, but it doesn’t happen.
- Hindus and Muslims cooperate
- Oppressive Rowlatt Acts anger Indians
What did Gandhi do early in his career prior to his involvement in the Indian Nationalist movement?
He was a lawyer and civil rights activist in South Africa and fought against discrimination that all colored people faced there.
What were Gandhi’s tactics of nonviolence?
- boycotts - don’t buy British cloth
- demonstrations - salt March
- strikes - don’t go to work in a factory or on a train, so they can’t operate
- noncooperation - don’t vote or pay taxes to the British
What two countries did India become after the British left? why?
India and Pakistan (East Pakistan and West Pakistan). British believe that the only way to avoid civil war between Hindus and Muslim is to partition (split) up India.
The Indian National Congress was India’s national political party. Most members of the Congress Party were Hindus, but the party at times had many Muslim members.
Congress Party
an organization founded in 1906 in India to protect Muslim interests.
Muslim League
The leader of the Muslim League, insisted that all Muslims resign from the Congress Party.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
was the term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations
Partition
the independent nation’s (India) first prime minister.
Jawaharlal Nehru
was chosen prime minister of India in 1966 and was reelected in 1980 after a short spell out of office.
Indira Gandhi
was twice elected prime minister of India. After months of disorder, she was removed from office in 1996.
Benazir Bhutto
Why did British officials partition India into India and Pakistan?
Fighting between Muslim Indians and Hindu Indians. Muslims resisted attempts to include them in an Indian government dominated by Hindus. British officials soon became convinced that partition an idea first proposed by India’s Muslims, would be the only way to ensure a safe and secure region. Partition was the term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations. The northwest and eastern regions of India, where most Muslims lived, would become the new nation of Pakistan. (Pakistan, as the map shows, comprised two separate states in 1947: West Pakistan and East Pakistan.) The British House of Commons passed an act on July 16, 1947.
In what way did Pakistan also undergo a partition?
Pakistan actually began as two separate and divided statesEast Pakistan and West Pakistan. East Pakistan lay to the east of India, West Pakistan to the northwest. These regions were separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory. In culture, language, history, geography, economics, and ethnic background, the two regions were very different. Only the Islamic religion united them. From the beginning, the two regions of Pakistan experienced strained relations. While East Pakistan had the larger population, it was often ignored by West Pakistan, home to the central government. On March 26, 1971, East Pakistan declared itself an independent nation called Bangladesh.
What is the main cause today of civil strife in Sri Lanka?
Sri Lanka, a small, teardrop-shaped island nation just off the southeast coast of India. Formerly known as Ceylon, Sri Lanka gained its independence from Britain in February of 1948. Two main ethnic groups dominate the nation. Three-quarters of the population are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists. A fifth are Tamils, a Hindu people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka. A militant group of Tamils has long fought an armed struggle for a separate Tamil nation. A civil war between Tamils and other Sri Lankans continues today.
