Semester 1 final Flashcards
a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8000 b.c., during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons—also called the Old Stone Age.
paleolithic
a prehistoric period that began about 8000 b.c. and in some areas ended as early as 3000 b.c., during which people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals—also called the New Stone Age.
Neolithic
a member of a biological group including human beings and related species that walk upright
hominid
is a common name that has been used to describe the first early modern humans that lived in the European Upper Paleolithic
Cro Magnon
an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between c. 120,000–35,000 years ago, with a receding forehead and prominent brow ridges.
Neanderthal
a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology
civilization
the development of skills in a particular kind of work, such as trading or record keeping.
Specialization
a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.
artisan
a human-made object, such as a tool, weapon, or piece of jewelry
artifact
a people’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas
culture
. the ways in which people apply knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs.
Technology
the biological species to which modern human beings belong
Homo sapiens
a member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water
nomad
a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
Hunter-gatherer
the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming—that is, by people’s shift from food gathering to food producing.
Neolithic Revolution
a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil
slash-and-burn farming
the taming of animals for human use.
domestication
a long-lasting pattern of organization in a Community.
institution
one of the professional record keepers in early Civilizations.
scribe
a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 b.c.
cuneiform
a period in human history, beginning around 3000 b.c. in some areas, during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons.
Bronze Age
a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money.
barter
a tiered, pyramid shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple.
ziggurat
prehistoric archeological site located in Southern Kurdistan n the foothills. … Excavations revealed that Jarmo was an agricultural community dating back to 7090 BCE
jarmo
An archaeological site in south-central Turkey southeast of Konya. It contains well-preserved ruins of a large Neolithic settlement
catal
s an archaeological site in what is now south-central Turkey. Along with Jericho, it’s considered one of the oldest cities in the world, dating from almost 7500 BC
huyuk
was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia which is generally considered the cradle of civilization
sumer
an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea
Fertile Crescent
An ancient region of SW Asia in present-day Iraq, lying between the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Its alluvial plains were the site of the civilizations of Akkad, Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria
mesopotamia
a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
City-state
a series of rulers from a single Family
dynasty
the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another
cultural diffusion
a belief in many Gods
polytheism
a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.
empire
a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river
delta
a king of Egypt identified by modern scholars as the Menes of tradition and depicted as the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt on an ancient slate tablet (Narmer Palette or Palette of Narmer) c3200 b.c. with relief carvings on both sides
Narmer
a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
pharaoh
a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure. (p. 37) 2. a govern- ment controlled by religious leaders
theocracy
a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in Egypt as burial places for Old Kingdom Pharaohs.
pyramid
an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
hieroglyphic
a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paperlike material for writing on
papyrus
a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent
subcontinent
another name for the Indus Valley civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 b.c.; characterized by sophisticated city planning
Harappan civilization
a fertile deposit of windblown soil
loess
in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority.
Mandate of Heaven
the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties.
dynastic cycle
a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
feudalism
a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world
Code of Hammurabi
an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about ‘Bilgamesh’ (Sumerian for ‘Gilgamesh’), king of Uruk, dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC).
Epic of Gilgamesh
denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets
cuneiform
a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel
ziggurat
the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC
sargon
a contemptuous or dismissive term for aspects of a society seen as degenerate or oppressive, especially the police
babylon
originating in central Africa and flowing north to the Mediterranean Sea, with its delta in Egypt. The Nile proper is formed by the joining of the Blue Nile, which flows from Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which flows from Lake Victoria. They meet at Khartoum, Sudan
Nile River
the strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends between Nubia and downriver (northwards) to Lower Egypt
upper egypt
the northernmost region of Egypt: the fertile Nile Delta, between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea — from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur
lower egypt
a process in which the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved. The process can occur either naturally, or it can be intentional. If it occurs naturally, it is the result of cold (as can be found in a glacier), acid (as can be found in a bog) or dryness
mummification
Foremost of Noble Ladies; 1507–1458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu
hatshepsut
a pharaoh of Egypt of the 18th Dynasty. He is also known as Akhenaton' or Ikhnaton’ and also Khuenaten', all of which are translated to mean successful for’ or `of great use to’ the god Aten
akhenaten
the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. During the first twenty-two years of Thutmose’s reign he was co-regent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharao
Tuthmosis III
the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt
Ramesses III
the name given to the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization – the first of three so-called “Kingdom” periods (followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley
Old Kingdom
the Chinese Empire was known as historically by the Chinese, and the period of Egyptian history 2000-1785 B. C. An example of the Middle Kingdom were the 18 provinces of China
Middle Kingdom
referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt
new kingdom
a confederacy of naval raiders who harried the coastal towns and cities of the Mediterranean region between c. 1276-1178 BCE, concentrating their efforts especially on Egypt
Sea Peoples
a people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta c. 1640 BC. They formed the 15th and 16th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part of the country until driven out c. 1532 BC
Hyksos
the Egyptian god of the underworld and husband and brother of Isis
osiris
a valley on the west bank of the Nile near the site of Thebes: the necropolis of many of the kings and queens of the 18th and 19th dynasties of ancient Egypt, c1350–c1200 b.c
Valley of Kings
a member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies. The Phoenicians prospered from trade and manufacturing until the capital, Tyre, was sacked by Alexander the Great in 332 BC
phoenicians
an Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 b.c.
Hittites
a group of seminomadic peoples who, about 1700 b.c., began to migrate from what is now southern Russia to the Indian subcontinent, Europe, and Southwest Asia
Indo European
relating to or denoting a family of languages that includes Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and certain ancient languages such as Phoenician and Akkadian, constituting the main subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic family
Semitic
a member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine and, according to biblical tradition, descended from the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham. After the Exodus ( c. 1300 BC) they established the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and their scriptures and traditions form the basis of the Jewish religion
Hebrews
the first of the great Biblical patriarchs, father of Isaac, and traditional founder of the ancient Hebrew nation: considered by Muslims an ancestor of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael
abraham
he great leader, lawgiver, and prophet of the ancient Israelites (Hebrews). According to the Old Testament, Moses was born in Egypt, where the Hebrews were living as slaves. When Moses was an infant, the Egyptian ruler, or pharaoh, ordered all the male children of the Hebrews slain
Moses
the doctrine or belief that there is only one God
Monotheism
defined as a man’s name that often refers to the second king of Israel and Judah in the Bible
David
In the Old Testament, a Hebrew king, son and successor of David. The “wisdom of _____” is proverbial. ___ is also known for his many wives, for his splendor and wealth, and for building the Temple at Jerusalem
Solomon
A holy city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims; the capital of the ancient kingdom of Judah and of the modern state of Israel. The name means “city of peace.”
jerusalem
he law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures
torah
Also called Holy Land. Biblical name Canaan. an ancient country in SW Asia, on the E coast of the Mediterranean
Palestine
he part of ancient Palestine between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea —sometimes used to refer to all of ancient Palestine
Canaan
n agreement that brings about a relationship of commitment between God and his people. The Jewish faith is based on the biblical covenants made with Abraham, Moses, and David
covenant
a country between Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea. An example of Israel is where Tel Aviv is located. Israel are the Hebrew people descended from Jacob of the Bible
Israel
payment made periodically by one state or ruler to another, especially as a sign of dependence
tribute
a contemptuous or dismissive term for aspects of a society seen as degenerate or oppressive, especially the police
babylon
an inhabitant of ancient Assyria
assyrians
a native or inhabitant of ancient or modern Persia (or Iran), or a person of Persian descent
persians
the Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey— also called Asia Minor
Anatolia
an Indo-European people who, about 1500 b.c., began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent (p. 63). 2. to the Nazis, the Germanic peoples who formed a “master race.”
Aryans
four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India
Vedas
in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests highest social group
Brahmins
one of the four classes of people in the social system of the Aryans who settled in India—priests, warriors, peasants or traders, and non-Aryan laborers or Craftsmen.
Caste System
a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood
Brahmas
a great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India
Mahabharata
n Hinduism and Buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after Rebirth
Karma
in Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding
reincarnation
the spiritual life principle of the universe, especially when regarded as inherent in the real self of the individual
Atman
lived from 304 to 232 BCE and was the third ruler of the Indian Mauryan Empire, the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent and one of the world’s largest empires at its time
Ashoka
a seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of Crete from about 2000 to 1400 b.c
Minoans
another name for the Indus
Valley civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly
as early as 7000 b.c.; characterized by sophisticated
city planning
Harappan civilization
was built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3,000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture.
mohenjo daro
in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment
nirvana
a seafaring people of Southwest Asia, who around 1100 b.c. began to trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean Region
Phoenicians
the first five books of the Hebrew Bible—the most sacred writings in the Jewish tradition
Torah
the first of the great Biblical patriarchs, father of Isaac, and traditional founder of the ancient Hebrew nation: considered by Muslims an ancestor of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael
Abraham
a belief in a single god
Monotheism
an Israelite kingdom in Canaan, established around 922 b.c
Judah
a payment made by a weaker power to a stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and security
tribute
one of two main urban cities found in the Indus River Valley. Served as a administrative center for the state
Harrapa
A river in India that supported the Harappan civilization for thousands of years
Indus River
Harappan City that directly translates to “mound of the dead”. Was given this name because archaeologists found preserved bodies in positions of struggle. Was one of the to main cities of the Indus River Valley
Mohenjo Daro
the sacred language written in the Harappan Civilization of the Indus River Valley
Sanskrit
a strong wind that brings heavy rain to southern Asia in the summer
monsoon
a religion that developed in India over many centuries; it traces its roots to older traditions, such as Vedic beliefs and Brahmanism
Hinduism
a belief found in Hinduism and other Indian traditions that a person has a duty or obligation to live an honorable life
Dharma
the religion founded by Siddhartha, which teaches that life brings suffering that one can escape by seeking nirvana through enlightenment
Buddhism
the four basic doctrines, or principles, of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley
Pakistan
Harappan Civilization was considered to be a dravidian society based upon how the Harappans and Aryans melded together.
Dravidian
A river that flows across most of Northern India. It carries silt from the Himalayas and leaves a rich sediment behind, which causes the northern plains the most fertile farmland in the world
Ganges River
Mountain range that’s located along India’s northern border. It has the world’s tallest mountain
Himalaya Mountains
3rd class of the caste system (worker class, the legs of purusha-sakta.)
Vaishyas
texts that were part of the vedas (translates as to kneel).
Upanishads
a member of the worker caste, lowest of the four Hindu castes
Shudras
when one has finished traveling the spiritual path of samsara and no longer needs to reincarnate because enlightenment has been achieved
Moksha
Hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline, a part of which, including breath control, simple meditation, and the adoption of specific bodily postures, is widely practiced for health and relaxation
yoga
a member of a low caste in southern India
pariahs
a former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband’s funeral pyre
sati
the first emperor to unify north and south west of present-day India into one state. … It was the largest empire yet seen in Indian history
chandragupta maurya
is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being in its Vaishnavism tradition
Vishnu
a period of seven days’ formal mourning for the dead, beginning immediately after the funeral
shiva
wisdom; comes from abandoning worldly cares
bodhi
right knowledge, purpose, speech, conduct, occupation, effort, awareness, meditation
middle path
tale of moral confrontations and an elucidation of the ethical precepts of dharma (in taking action, one must be indifferent to success or failure and consider only the moral rightness of the act itself); second one - much shorter than the first, account of a semi-legendary ruler named Rama who, as the result of palace intrigue, is banished from the kingdom and forced to live as a hermit in the forest
Ramayana
stupa
originally meant to house a relic of the Buddha, eventually became a place for devotion
First Chinese dynasty,
Shang Dynasty
a group of nomadic invaders from Southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 b.c.
Hyksos
the period of ancient Egyptian history that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers, lasting from about 1570 to 1075 b.c.
New Kingdom
was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt
thutmose ii
a member of one of the group of dark-skinned peoples that formed a powerful empire between Egypt and Ethiopia from the 6th to the 14th centuries
Nubia
was known to the Egyptians as Userma’atre’setepenre, which means ‘Keeper of Harmony and Balance, Strong in Right, Elect of Ra
ramses ii
an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers controlled Egypt between 2000 and 1000 b.c.
kush
a language of southern India; also, the people who speak that language
tamil
a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 202 b.c. to a.d. 9 and again from a.d. 23 to 220
Han Dynasty
a major river of Asia in northern China; flows generally eastward into the Yellow Sea
yellow river
the longest river in China, rising in SE Qinghai province and flowing east to the East China Sea near Shanghai
yangtze river
are pieces of ox scapula or turtle plastron, which were used for pyromancy – a form of divination
Oracle bones
considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living
veneration of ancestors
a yellowish-brown alloy of copper with up to one-third tin
bronze
Second Chinese Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
an important political theory in Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty goes through a culture cycle A new ruler unites China, founds a new dynasty, and gains the Mandate of Heaven
dynastic cycle
The Chinese philosophical concept of the circumstances under which a ruler is allowed to rule, A power or law believed to be granted by a God
Mandate of Heaven
A system of government based on landowners and tenants
feudalism
the period from 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC when regional warlords battled amongst each other and there was no ruler
warring states period
A network of trade routes that stretched more than 4,000 miles across Asia
Silk road
A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing semiaquatic rice
rice cultivation
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct
Confucianism
The Daoist belief in the opposing forces of nature
Yin and Yang
the oldest of all the classical divination systems. It is also one of the oldest books in the world
I Ching
are a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held Animism - The belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature
Analects
Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality
legalism
Prime minister of the Qin dynasty, he was a follower of Legalism
Li Su
A Chinese Philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature
Daoism
the “Old Master” who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism)
Laozi
Dynasty that came to power in China in 221 B.C. under which the first true empire of China was created
Qin Dynasty
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163), unified China, ruled Qin dynasty,built many roads, started Great Wall of China, divided kingdoms into districs, the first emperor of China
Shi Huangdi
Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi
Great Wall
A form of government that is structured like a pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom
Bureaucracy
is a virtue of respect for one’s parents, elders, and ancestors
filial piety
These people lived in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula
The Maya
The Maya were skilled in what science the study of the sun, moon, stars, planets, comets, gas, galaxies, gas, dust and other non-Earthly bodies and phenomena
Astronomy
The Maya were skilled in what science the study of the sun, moon, stars, planets, comets, gas, galaxies, gas, dust and other non-Earthly bodies and phenomena
Astronomy
Confucian philosophy about social order where everyone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents, and the government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend
Five Relationships
The Terracotta Army is a collection of terracota figurines depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China
Terra Cotta Army
the story of creation according to the Quiche Maya of the region known today as Guatemala
Popol vuh n
an ancient region in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to today’s Iraq, mostly, but also parts of modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey
Mesopotamia
A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy
city-state
system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted
slash and burn
A large ceremonial center in Maya that became a political center that accumulated massive amounts of wealth
Tikal
Palenque was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the 7th century. The Palenque ruins date back to 226 BC to around 799 AD
Palenque
A typical Maya city-state. At its peak in the eighth century, Copan had a population of 18,000-20,000 divided into sharply demarcated groups; the ruling family, the nobility, ordinary people and slaves
Copan
a quire of manuscript pages held together by stitching: the earliest form of book, replacing the scrolls and wax tablets of earlier times
codex
The Mayans had the most advanced writing system
glyph
An intellectual advancement of the Olmec and Maya that also served religious purposes
ball game
was ruler of the Mayan kingdom of Palenque from age 12
pacal
used to describe a tight-knit, small community of ancient Greek citizens who agreed on certain rules and customs
Polis
any citadel or complex built on a high hill. The name derives from the Greek Akro, high or extreme/extremity or edge
acropolis
A system of government in which one person reigns, usually a king or queen
monarchy
A country that has this form of government is an
oligarchy
A privileged, primarily hereditary ruling class, or a form of government controlled by such an elite
aristocracy
a sovereign or other ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly
tyrant
A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives
democracy
a slave owned by the city-state of Sparta in Ancient Greece
helot
a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar weapons
Phalanx
The wars fought between Greece and Persia in the 5th century bc, in which the Persians sought to extend their territory over the Greek world
persiann
is a form of democracy in which people decide
direct democracy
relating to, or characteristic of the ancient Greeks and Romans or their civilization, esp in the period of their ascendancy
classical art
A serious drama in which a central character, the protagonist — usually an important, heroic person
tragedy
a war, lasting from 431 to 404 b.c., in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies
Peloponnesian War
a thinker who uses logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, and Morality
philosopher
any of a class of professional teachers in ancient Greece who gave instruction in various fields, as in general culture, rhetoric, politics, or disputation
sophists
was a student of Socrates and later became the teacher of Aristotle. He founded a school in Athens called the Academy
plato
also known as Alexander the Great, by 331 BCE, controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia; invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis; crossed the Indus by 327
aristotle
Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens’ political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon
pericles
The magnificent temple on the Acropolis of Athens
the parthenon
greatest of ancient Greek historians and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century bc. His work was the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation’s war policies
thucydides
was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and as a defence to possible revenge attacks from Persia following the Greek victories at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea in the early 5th century BCE
delian league
Landmass in square miles and a number of people. To calculate population density, divide the population by area. For example, Russia has only about 22 people per square
Area and population
The percent of a country’s population was living in urban areas. Urbanization is on the rise worldwide as people over cities in search of work
Urban population
Type of government and current leader. Vladimir Putin first became Russia’s president in 1999
Political system and head government
Percentage of people who can read and write. The first number is for men, the second for women
Literacy Rate
The year a nation was established, gained independence, took on its modern form.
Date of origin
The value of all goods and services produced within a country in 1 year. Divided by population. It’s a way to gauge a nation wealth
Per capita GDP
The birth rate minus the death rate. (Without factoring in immigration) for the most recent year available
Percentage of population increase
They are nearly 7,000 languages spoken around the world. There area bout 171 million nation speakers of Russian the dominant language in Russia.
Languages
In Russia, just 17% of the population is under 15. Compare that with Afghanistan where 44% of the population is 15.
percentage of population under 15
The age to which a newborn infant can expect to live. The first number is for men the second number is for women
Life expectancy
a measure of economic and social well-being on a scale of 0 - 1, 1 is the highest HDI factors include life expectancy education levels an average income.
HDI Human development index
