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Semester terms. Dont fail > semester 1 terms > Flashcards

semester 1 terms Flashcards

1
Q

William penn

A

Quaker and founder of province of pennsylvania

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2
Q

John smith

A

English soldier and founder of American colony of Jamestown

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3
Q

John Rolfe

A

First successful tobacco cultivation as an export crop of Virginia colony; married Pocahontas

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4
Q

Ben franklin

A

Founding father of US and scientists, inventor, politician

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5
Q

Patrick Henry

A

Former gov of Virginia; founding father; driving force in American revolution

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6
Q

George Washington

A

First US president; commander in chief of continental army during American revolution

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7
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

3rd president; principal author of Declaration of Independence; Louisiana purchase; first Secretary of State

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8
Q

James Madison

A

4th president; “father of the constitution”; wrote the Federalist Papers; led War of 1812

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9
Q

Thomas Paine

A

Wrote “the age of reason” and “rights of man”; helped inspire American revolution

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10
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

Founder of Federalist Party and “the New York post”; wrote most of the Federalist papers and ensured ratification of the constitution

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11
Q

John Adams

A

2nd president and leader of American independence from Great Britain; idea of checks and balance

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12
Q

John jay

A

1st chief of justice of US; served in continental congress; founding father and gov of NY

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13
Q

John Marshall

A

4th chief of justice of Supreme Court, est. it’s role in federal gov

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14
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

Led 1st expedition to cross western portion of US, proves that a northwest passage didn’t exist

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15
Q

Crisps attucks

A

1st killed in Boston massacre(1st American casualty of American Revolutionary War)

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16
Q

James Monroe

A

5th president; last president of the “Virginia dynasty”; est. Monroe Doctrine; extended americas border to pacific

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17
Q

John c. Calhoun

A

7th Vice President; defended slavery; worked out compromise tariff

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18
Q

Henry clay

A

Secretary of State under John Adams; served 3 terms as speaker of the House of Representatives

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19
Q

John q. Adams

A

6th president; diplomat, senator, and member of house of rep.

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20
Q

John Paul jones

A

1st well known naval commander of the American Revolutionary War

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21
Q

Francis Scott key

A

Wrote lyrics to “the star spangled banner”

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22
Q

Sam Adams

A

1 of the founding fathers; leader of American rev; organized Boston tea party and signed Declaration of Independence

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23
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Invented cotton gin

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24
Q

Samuel slater

A

“Father of the American industrial revolution” and American factory system

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25
Q

Daniel Webster

A

Former US senator and served twice in house of rep.; Whig party leader

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26
Q

Andrew Jackson

A

7th president and founder of Democratic Party; major general of the war of 1812

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27
Q

Homestead act

A

Gave settlers 160 acres of land for very cheap as long as they improved the land and lived on it for 5yrs

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28
Q

Emancipation proclamation

A

Freed slaves in land owned by the south, passed by Abraham Lincoln

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29
Q

Manifest destiny

A

The belief that American expansion was justified and inevitable

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30
Q

McColloch v. Maryland

A

Supreme Court ruled that the constitution gave congress the power to make all laws- any other law is unconstitutional and void

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31
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Spanish naval force sent against England, defeated by English forces under queen Elizabeth

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32
Q

Reformation

A

Religious movement initiated by Martin Luther during which protestants split from the Catholic Church

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33
Q

Papal line of demarcation

A

Spain got control of lands discovered to the west of the line and Portugal gained rights to the east

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34
Q

amendment 1

A

Right to speech, religion, assembly, press

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35
Q

Amendment 2

A

Right to bear arms

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36
Q

Amendment 3

A

Don’t have to quarter soldiers

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37
Q

Amendment 4

A

Unnecessary search and seizure- protects us

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38
Q

Amendment 5

A

No double jeopardy

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39
Q

Amendment 6

A

Right to speedy trial

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40
Q

Amendment 7

A

Guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in federal court

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41
Q

Amendment 8

A

Bail and no unnecessary or cruel punishment

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42
Q

Amendment 9

A

Constitutional rights aren’t citizens only rights

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43
Q

Amendment 10

A

Any power not given to the federal gov is given to the people or the states

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44
Q

Amendment 11

A

States cannot be sued by citizens of another state or foreign country

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45
Q

Amendment 12

A

Clarified the way the president and Vice President are elected

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46
Q

Amendment 13

A

Abolished slavery

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47
Q

Election 1800

A

Sometimes called the “Revolution of 1800,” the vice pres and democratic-republican Thomas Jefferson defeated the Federalist and pres of 1796, John Adams

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48
Q

Election 1824

A

Only election in history in which no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, and the house of rep. Elected John Quincy Adams, a democratic-republican

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49
Q

Tariff of abominations

A

Protective tariff passed by congress in may of 1828 to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports

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50
Q

Seneca falls convention

A

Held in Seneca falls, NY 1848 and organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; the first American women’s rights convention, demanded that women be given the right to vote

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51
Q

The liberator

A

Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd garrison and Isaac knaap 1831, published weekly until 1865

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52
Q

Mormons

A

Religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking, and was founded by Joseph smith 1839 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah

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53
Q

Mexican war

A

Fought between US and Mexico 1846-1848; US won, encouraging many to believe US was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion

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54
Q

Slavery

A

Civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, fortune

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55
Q

South Carolina exposition and protest

A

Document of protest against the tariff of abominations which states that South Carolina would secede if the tariff wasn’t revoked, written by v.p. John c Calhoun 1828

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56
Q

Sectionalism

A

Loyalty of support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the US as a whole; ultimately led to civil war between north and south early 1860s

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57
Q

Missouri compromise

A

1820 Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state, which would unbalance the union, this compromise Set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri could join as a slave state, outlawed slavery north of 36degree 30 //

58
Q

Free soil Party

A

Founded in buffalo, NY; short lived political party in US active from 1848-1852 presidential elections; opposed extension of slavery into western territories

59
Q

Kansas Nebraska act

A

Allowed citizens in these territories to decide locally whether to outlaw slavery, annulled Missouri compromise and provided for the org. of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska 1854

60
Q

Compromise 1850

A

Package of live separate bills passed by the US congress in September 1850, attempted to appease groups opposing and groups favoring slavery

61
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

Pre-civil war doctrine, held chiefly by the opponents of the abolitionists, that the people living in a territory should be free of federal interference in determining domestic policy, esp. with respect to slavery

62
Q

Dred Scott decision

A

Controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court against the freedom of dred Scott, slave whose master had taken him to western “free” territory 1857

63
Q

Lincoln Douglas debates

A

Series of debates between republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln and democratic candidate Stephen Douglas; some of the most significant statement in American political history

64
Q

Ft. Sumter

A

Fort built in Charleston harbor, South Carolina; location where first shots of civil war fired

65
Q

Confederate states of America

A

Name adopted by 11 southern states that seceded from union and formed their own country during civil war

66
Q

Morrill tariff act

A

Passed by congress 1861 to meet the cost of the war, raised taxes on shipping from 5-10% originally

67
Q

Morrill land grant act

A

Provided grants of land to states to finance the est. of colleges specializing in agriculture and the mechanic arts 1862

68
Q

Charter

A

Written grant by a country’s legislative or sovereign power

69
Q

Religious toleration

A

When people allow other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs

70
Q

Boston massacre

A

Riot in Boston arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city

71
Q

Boston tea party

A

Raid on three British ships in Boston harbor as protest against British taxes on tea

72
Q

Minutemen

A

Member of a class of American militiamen who volunteered to be ready for service at a minute’s notice

73
Q

Hessians

A

German auxiliaries contracted for military service by the British government

74
Q

1st continental congress

A

Meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies early in the American revolution

75
Q

2nd continental congress

A

Convention of delegates from the 13 colonies that declared the American Revolutionary War had begun

76
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Formal statement declaring the freedom of the 13 colonies from Great Britain

77
Q

Unalienable rights

A

Rights that can’t be taken away or denied

78
Q

Treaty of Paris of 1783

A

Ended the American Revolutionary War

79
Q

Article of confederation

A

First constitution of the US adopted by the continental congress

80
Q

Northwest ordinance

A

Act of congress of the confederation of the United States which created a policy for the addition of the new states to the nation and structuring the settlement of the northwest territory

81
Q

Shay’s rebellion

A

Uprising led by Daniel shay which broke out in western Massachusetts protesting the foreclosure of farms

82
Q

Great compromise

A

Agreement that large and small states reached during the constitutional convention of 1787 that defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have

83
Q

3/5’s compromise

A

Population of slaves would be counted as 3/5 in total when apportioning representatives

84
Q

Federalist papers

A

Collection of articles promoting the ratification of the US constitution

85
Q

Electoral college

A

Body of people representing the states of the US who formally cast votes for the election of the president and Vice President

86
Q

Delegates powers

A

Those specifically described and assigned in the US constitution

87
Q

Reserved powers

A

Powers assigned to the states and the people

88
Q

Concurrent powers

A

Political powers delegated to the federal government’s by the US constitution that is also held by the states

89
Q

Separation of powers

A

Act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of gov in separate bodies

90
Q

Checks and balances

A

System that allowed each branch of gov to amend or veto acts of another branch

91
Q

Bill of rights

A

First 10 amendments to the US constitution guaranteeing rights such as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship

92
Q

Elastic clause

A

Statement in the US constitution granting congress the power to pass all laws necessary for carrying out the enumerated list of powers

93
Q

Unwritten constitution

A

Refers to the ideas and processes that are accepted as a needed part of American gov

94
Q

Nicholas biddle

A

American financier, third and last president of the second bank of the US, in the Whig party

95
Q

Martin van buren

A

Elected president in 1837, blocked annexation of Texas, foreign policy concern with Great Britain about the Canadian border

96
Q

Santa Anna

A

Called “the Napoleon of the west,” influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and gov

97
Q

Brigham young

A

Second pres of the Church of Jesus Christ, American leader of the Latter Day Saint movement

98
Q

James k Polk

A

11th pres of US, dark horse candidate, America was expanding its borders while he was in office

99
Q

William Lloyd garrison

A

American journalist best known for being the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator

100
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

African American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman; escaped from slavery and gained attention for dazzling oratory

101
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

American abolitionist, humanitarian, and armed scout and spy for US army during civil war

102
Q

Stephen Douglas

A

American politician who came up with the Kansas-Nebraska act

103
Q

Dred Scott

A

Enslaved African American who unsuccessfully sued for his and his wife’s children’s freedom in the dred scott v. Standford case

104
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

16th president of US, president during Civil War, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

105
Q

Jefferson Davis

A

President of US confederate states during civil war

106
Q

John brown

A

Believed that armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow slavery in US, abolitionist

107
Q

Ulysses s. Grant

A

18th pres of US, worked closely with pres Lincoln to lead union army to victory over the confederacy in civil war

108
Q

Robert e Lee

A

General that commanded the confederate army in the American civil war

109
Q

William Sherman

A

General that conducted total war against confederate states by burning everything (Sherman’s march)

110
Q

Charles sumner

A

American lawyer who was the leader of anti slavery forces in Massachusetts and leader of the radical republicans

111
Q

Peter zenger

A

German American printer and journalist that printed the New York weekly journal

112
Q

Harriet Beecher Stowe

A

Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin which depicted the harsh life of African Americans under slavery

113
Q

Mayflower compact

A

First written framework of US gov signed on the ship Mayflower on nov 11, 1620

114
Q

Maryland act of toleration

A

Assembly of Maryland colony passed the law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians

115
Q

New England confederation

A

Short lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and new haven

116
Q

Fundamental orders of conn.

A

Constitution for the colonial gov of Hartford, Connecticut, adopted by Connecticut on January 15, 1639

117
Q

Albany plan of union

A

Plan to create a unified gov for the 13 colonies, suggested by Benjamin franklin in Albany NY

118
Q

French and Indian war

A

Britain and Iroquois v. France and Huron, British won, gaining Mississippi valley, florida, and territories in Canada

119
Q

Treaty of Paris 1763

A

Ended the French and Indian war, France gave up all its mainland North American territories

120
Q

Triangular trade

A

Shipped goods from Britain to Africa for slaves, slaves then shipped to West Indies for sugar, rum, and other things, then goods were shipped back to Britain

121
Q

Favorable balance of trade

A

Difference between values of exports and imports, said to be favorable or unfavorable as exports are greater or less than imports

122
Q

American system

A

Economic plan of 3 parts: tariff to protect and promote American industry, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agr.

123
Q

Judicial review

A

Review by Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act

124
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

Case decided by Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall in 1803 which declares a certain law passed by congress should not be enforced bc the law was opposed to the constitution

125
Q

Hamiltons financial plan

A

Created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize American economy; federal assumption of all debts(state & federal) and chartering of US bank to restore American credit

126
Q

Whiskey rebellion

A

Tax protest during George washington’s presidency and the “whiskey tax” was 1st tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed gov

127
Q

Democratic republicans

A

Party formed in opposition to Federalist policies; led by Thomas Jefferson & aka Jeffersonian republicans

128
Q

Federalist Party

A

1st American political party; supporters of the proposed constitution & believed loose, decentralized system of gov

129
Q

XYZ affair

A

1st time American neutrality was under attack; undeclared war called Quasi-war between US and France occurred due to a diplomatic incident but settled in the convention of 1800

130
Q

Alien and sedition acts

A

Laws passed by federalists to limit power of the opposition of democratic republicans out of fear that disloyal aliens would sympathize with France; deported foreigners & made it hard for imm. To vote

131
Q

Favorite son

A

Well known/ highly favored man of his state for presidential candidate at a national political convention

132
Q

Monroe doctrine

A

1823 pres James Monroe issued this to warn European nations that the US won’t tolerate further colonization; independent lands of the Western Hemisphere would be solely US’s domain

133
Q

KY and VA resolutions

A

Political statements drafted in 1798 & 1799 which Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal alien and sedition acts said were unconstitutional

134
Q

Midnight judges

A

Those chosen by pres John Adams of the judiciary act of 1801 to sign up appointments up until midnight on his last day in office

135
Q

Louisiana purchase

A

Land deal btw US and France in which US got 827,000sq Miles of land west of MS River for $15mill in 1803

136
Q

Embargo act 1807

A

Pres Thomas Jefferson’s nonviolent resistance to British and French harassment of US merchant ships suspected of carrying war materials/other cargoes to European belligerents during napoleonic wars

137
Q

Freedom of the seas

A

Principle in the international law/law of the sea; absolute freedom of nav upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and In war, eexcelt as the seas may close in whole or part by international action

138
Q

War hawks

A

Speaker of house Henry clay led this group of pro war republicans who argued that military force was the only option left to combat British imperiousness

139
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Movement in which machines changed people’s way of life and their methods of manufacture

140
Q

Capitalist

A

Wealthy person who uses $ to invest in trade/industry for profit in accordance with principles of capitalism

141
Q

Patents

A

A gov authority/license conferring a right/title for a set period and for the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention

142
Q

Roger Williams

A

Puritan and supported Free Will Baptist movement; founded state of Rhode Island

Semester terms. Dont fail (11 decks)

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