semester 1 terms Flashcards
1
Q
William penn
A
Quaker and founder of province of pennsylvania
2
Q
John smith
A
English soldier and founder of American colony of Jamestown
3
Q
John Rolfe
A
First successful tobacco cultivation as an export crop of Virginia colony; married Pocahontas
4
Q
Ben franklin
A
Founding father of US and scientists, inventor, politician
5
Q
Patrick Henry
A
Former gov of Virginia; founding father; driving force in American revolution
6
Q
George Washington
A
First US president; commander in chief of continental army during American revolution
7
Q
Thomas Jefferson
A
3rd president; principal author of Declaration of Independence; Louisiana purchase; first Secretary of State
8
Q
James Madison
A
4th president; “father of the constitution”; wrote the Federalist Papers; led War of 1812
9
Q
Thomas Paine
A
Wrote “the age of reason” and “rights of man”; helped inspire American revolution
10
Q
Alexander Hamilton
A
Founder of Federalist Party and “the New York post”; wrote most of the Federalist papers and ensured ratification of the constitution
11
Q
John Adams
A
2nd president and leader of American independence from Great Britain; idea of checks and balance
12
Q
John jay
A
1st chief of justice of US; served in continental congress; founding father and gov of NY
13
Q
John Marshall
A
4th chief of justice of Supreme Court, est. it’s role in federal gov
14
Q
Lewis and Clark
A
Led 1st expedition to cross western portion of US, proves that a northwest passage didn’t exist
15
Q
Crisps attucks
A
1st killed in Boston massacre(1st American casualty of American Revolutionary War)
16
Q
James Monroe
A
5th president; last president of the “Virginia dynasty”; est. Monroe Doctrine; extended americas border to pacific
17
Q
John c. Calhoun
A
7th Vice President; defended slavery; worked out compromise tariff
18
Q
Henry clay
A
Secretary of State under John Adams; served 3 terms as speaker of the House of Representatives
19
Q
John q. Adams
A
6th president; diplomat, senator, and member of house of rep.
20
Q
John Paul jones
A
1st well known naval commander of the American Revolutionary War
21
Q
Francis Scott key
A
Wrote lyrics to “the star spangled banner”
22
Q
Sam Adams
A
1 of the founding fathers; leader of American rev; organized Boston tea party and signed Declaration of Independence
23
Q
Eli Whitney
A
Invented cotton gin
24
Q
Samuel slater
A
“Father of the American industrial revolution” and American factory system
25
Daniel Webster
Former US senator and served twice in house of rep.; Whig party leader
26
Andrew Jackson
7th president and founder of Democratic Party; major general of the war of 1812
27
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land for very cheap as long as they improved the land and lived on it for 5yrs
28
Emancipation proclamation
Freed slaves in land owned by the south, passed by Abraham Lincoln
29
Manifest destiny
The belief that American expansion was justified and inevitable
30
McColloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court ruled that the constitution gave congress the power to make all laws- any other law is unconstitutional and void
31
Spanish Armada
Spanish naval force sent against England, defeated by English forces under queen Elizabeth
32
Reformation
Religious movement initiated by Martin Luther during which protestants split from the Catholic Church
33
Papal line of demarcation
Spain got control of lands discovered to the west of the line and Portugal gained rights to the east
34
amendment 1
Right to speech, religion, assembly, press
35
Amendment 2
Right to bear arms
36
Amendment 3
Don't have to quarter soldiers
37
Amendment 4
Unnecessary search and seizure- protects us
38
Amendment 5
No double jeopardy
39
Amendment 6
Right to speedy trial
40
Amendment 7
Guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in federal court
41
Amendment 8
Bail and no unnecessary or cruel punishment
42
Amendment 9
Constitutional rights aren't citizens only rights
43
Amendment 10
Any power not given to the federal gov is given to the people or the states
44
Amendment 11
States cannot be sued by citizens of another state or foreign country
45
Amendment 12
Clarified the way the president and Vice President are elected
46
Amendment 13
Abolished slavery
47
Election 1800
Sometimes called the "Revolution of 1800," the vice pres and democratic-republican Thomas Jefferson defeated the Federalist and pres of 1796, John Adams
48
Election 1824
Only election in history in which no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, and the house of rep. Elected John Quincy Adams, a democratic-republican
49
Tariff of abominations
Protective tariff passed by congress in may of 1828 to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports
50
Seneca falls convention
Held in Seneca falls, NY 1848 and organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; the first American women's rights convention, demanded that women be given the right to vote
51
The liberator
Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd garrison and Isaac knaap 1831, published weekly until 1865
52
Mormons
Religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking, and was founded by Joseph smith 1839 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah
53
Mexican war
Fought between US and Mexico 1846-1848; US won, encouraging many to believe US was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion
54
Slavery
Civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, fortune
55
South Carolina exposition and protest
Document of protest against the tariff of abominations which states that South Carolina would secede if the tariff wasn't revoked, written by v.p. John c Calhoun 1828
56
Sectionalism
Loyalty of support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the US as a whole; ultimately led to civil war between north and south early 1860s
57
Missouri compromise
1820 Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state, which would unbalance the union, this compromise Set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri could join as a slave state, outlawed slavery north of 36degree 30 //
58
Free soil Party
Founded in buffalo, NY; short lived political party in US active from 1848-1852 presidential elections; opposed extension of slavery into western territories
59
Kansas Nebraska act
Allowed citizens in these territories to decide locally whether to outlaw slavery, annulled Missouri compromise and provided for the org. of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska 1854
60
Compromise 1850
Package of live separate bills passed by the US congress in September 1850, attempted to appease groups opposing and groups favoring slavery
61
Popular sovereignty
Pre-civil war doctrine, held chiefly by the opponents of the abolitionists, that the people living in a territory should be free of federal interference in determining domestic policy, esp. with respect to slavery
62
Dred Scott decision
Controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court against the freedom of dred Scott, slave whose master had taken him to western "free" territory 1857
63
Lincoln Douglas debates
Series of debates between republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln and democratic candidate Stephen Douglas; some of the most significant statement in American political history
64
Ft. Sumter
Fort built in Charleston harbor, South Carolina; location where first shots of civil war fired
65
Confederate states of America
Name adopted by 11 southern states that seceded from union and formed their own country during civil war
66
Morrill tariff act
Passed by congress 1861 to meet the cost of the war, raised taxes on shipping from 5-10% originally
67
Morrill land grant act
Provided grants of land to states to finance the est. of colleges specializing in agriculture and the mechanic arts 1862
68
Charter
Written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power
69
Religious toleration
When people allow other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs
70
Boston massacre
Riot in Boston arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city
71
Boston tea party
Raid on three British ships in Boston harbor as protest against British taxes on tea
72
Minutemen
Member of a class of American militiamen who volunteered to be ready for service at a minute's notice
73
Hessians
German auxiliaries contracted for military service by the British government
74
1st continental congress
Meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies early in the American revolution
75
2nd continental congress
Convention of delegates from the 13 colonies that declared the American Revolutionary War had begun
76
Declaration of Independence
Formal statement declaring the freedom of the 13 colonies from Great Britain
77
Unalienable rights
Rights that can't be taken away or denied
78
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Ended the American Revolutionary War
79
Article of confederation
First constitution of the US adopted by the continental congress
80
Northwest ordinance
Act of congress of the confederation of the United States which created a policy for the addition of the new states to the nation and structuring the settlement of the northwest territory
81
Shay's rebellion
Uprising led by Daniel shay which broke out in western Massachusetts protesting the foreclosure of farms
82
Great compromise
Agreement that large and small states reached during the constitutional convention of 1787 that defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have
83
3/5's compromise
Population of slaves would be counted as 3/5 in total when apportioning representatives
84
Federalist papers
Collection of articles promoting the ratification of the US constitution
85
Electoral college
Body of people representing the states of the US who formally cast votes for the election of the president and Vice President
86
Delegates powers
Those specifically described and assigned in the US constitution
87
Reserved powers
Powers assigned to the states and the people
88
Concurrent powers
Political powers delegated to the federal government's by the US constitution that is also held by the states
89
Separation of powers
Act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of gov in separate bodies
90
Checks and balances
System that allowed each branch of gov to amend or veto acts of another branch
91
Bill of rights
First 10 amendments to the US constitution guaranteeing rights such as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship
92
Elastic clause
Statement in the US constitution granting congress the power to pass all laws necessary for carrying out the enumerated list of powers
93
Unwritten constitution
Refers to the ideas and processes that are accepted as a needed part of American gov
94
Nicholas biddle
American financier, third and last president of the second bank of the US, in the Whig party
95
Martin van buren
Elected president in 1837, blocked annexation of Texas, foreign policy concern with Great Britain about the Canadian border
96
Santa Anna
Called "the Napoleon of the west," influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and gov
97
Brigham young
Second pres of the Church of Jesus Christ, American leader of the Latter Day Saint movement
98
James k Polk
11th pres of US, dark horse candidate, America was expanding its borders while he was in office
99
William Lloyd garrison
American journalist best known for being the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator
100
Frederick Douglass
African American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman; escaped from slavery and gained attention for dazzling oratory
101
Harriet Tubman
American abolitionist, humanitarian, and armed scout and spy for US army during civil war
102
Stephen Douglas
American politician who came up with the Kansas-Nebraska act
103
Dred Scott
Enslaved African American who unsuccessfully sued for his and his wife's children's freedom in the dred scott v. Standford case
104
Abraham Lincoln
16th president of US, president during Civil War, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
105
Jefferson Davis
President of US confederate states during civil war
106
John brown
Believed that armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow slavery in US, abolitionist
107
Ulysses s. Grant
18th pres of US, worked closely with pres Lincoln to lead union army to victory over the confederacy in civil war
108
Robert e Lee
General that commanded the confederate army in the American civil war
109
William Sherman
General that conducted total war against confederate states by burning everything (Sherman's march)
110
Charles sumner
American lawyer who was the leader of anti slavery forces in Massachusetts and leader of the radical republicans
111
Peter zenger
German American printer and journalist that printed the New York weekly journal
112
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin which depicted the harsh life of African Americans under slavery
113
Mayflower compact
First written framework of US gov signed on the ship Mayflower on nov 11, 1620
114
Maryland act of toleration
Assembly of Maryland colony passed the law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians
115
New England confederation
Short lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and new haven
116
Fundamental orders of conn.
Constitution for the colonial gov of Hartford, Connecticut, adopted by Connecticut on January 15, 1639
117
Albany plan of union
Plan to create a unified gov for the 13 colonies, suggested by Benjamin franklin in Albany NY
118
French and Indian war
Britain and Iroquois v. France and Huron, British won, gaining Mississippi valley, florida, and territories in Canada
119
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended the French and Indian war, France gave up all its mainland North American territories
120
Triangular trade
Shipped goods from Britain to Africa for slaves, slaves then shipped to West Indies for sugar, rum, and other things, then goods were shipped back to Britain
121
Favorable balance of trade
Difference between values of exports and imports, said to be favorable or unfavorable as exports are greater or less than imports
122
American system
Economic plan of 3 parts: tariff to protect and promote American industry, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agr.
123
Judicial review
Review by Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act
124
Marbury v. Madison
Case decided by Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall in 1803 which declares a certain law passed by congress should not be enforced bc the law was opposed to the constitution
125
Hamiltons financial plan
Created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize American economy; federal assumption of all debts(state & federal) and chartering of US bank to restore American credit
126
Whiskey rebellion
Tax protest during George washington's presidency and the "whiskey tax" was 1st tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed gov
127
Democratic republicans
Party formed in opposition to Federalist policies; led by Thomas Jefferson & aka Jeffersonian republicans
128
Federalist Party
1st American political party; supporters of the proposed constitution & believed loose, decentralized system of gov
129
XYZ affair
1st time American neutrality was under attack; undeclared war called Quasi-war between US and France occurred due to a diplomatic incident but settled in the convention of 1800
130
Alien and sedition acts
Laws passed by federalists to limit power of the opposition of democratic republicans out of fear that disloyal aliens would sympathize with France; deported foreigners & made it hard for imm. To vote
131
Favorite son
Well known/ highly favored man of his state for presidential candidate at a national political convention
132
Monroe doctrine
1823 pres James Monroe issued this to warn European nations that the US won't tolerate further colonization; independent lands of the Western Hemisphere would be solely US's domain
133
KY and VA resolutions
Political statements drafted in 1798 & 1799 which Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal alien and sedition acts said were unconstitutional
134
Midnight judges
Those chosen by pres John Adams of the judiciary act of 1801 to sign up appointments up until midnight on his last day in office
135
Louisiana purchase
Land deal btw US and France in which US got 827,000sq Miles of land west of MS River for $15mill in 1803
136
Embargo act 1807
Pres Thomas Jefferson's nonviolent resistance to British and French harassment of US merchant ships suspected of carrying war materials/other cargoes to European belligerents during napoleonic wars
137
Freedom of the seas
Principle in the international law/law of the sea; absolute freedom of nav upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and In war, eexcelt as the seas may close in whole or part by international action
138
War hawks
Speaker of house Henry clay led this group of pro war republicans who argued that military force was the only option left to combat British imperiousness
139
Industrial revolution
Movement in which machines changed people's way of life and their methods of manufacture
140
Capitalist
Wealthy person who uses $ to invest in trade/industry for profit in accordance with principles of capitalism
141
Patents
A gov authority/license conferring a right/title for a set period and for the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention
142
Roger Williams
Puritan and supported Free Will Baptist movement; founded state of Rhode Island
