Semester 1 Final Flashcards
What were the causes of the Renaissance?
Admired Greek and Roman civilization, wealthy merchants present to support arts, trade
What is perspective?
Gives paintings a 3D effect
What is the importance of the printing press
Easier to produce books, spread ideas and literacy
Where did the Renaissance start?
Italy
What is important about Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Raphael
Famous artists
Who was Machiavelli and why was he important
Wrote the prince about how to be a good leader better to be feared than loved
Who started the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
What were the results of the Protestant Reformation
Questioning of authority, religious wars, Catholic Church lost power, new protestant religions
What were the beliefs of Martin Luther
Against selling of indulgences, salvation gained through faith alone
How did the Catholic Church respond to the reformation
Reformed themselves, reaffirmed Catholic teachings
What was Henry the eighth’s role in the reformation
Formed church of England (Anglican church)
What were the beliefs of John Calvin
Predestination
What are indulgences
Purchasing forgiveness from sin
What were the 95 theses
Luthers criticisms/complaints of the Catholic Church
What were the major characteristics of the scientific revolution
Hypothesis, observation, experiment- used to criticize Catholic Church
What is Galileo known for
Said sun is center of universe
Why is Copernicus important
First person to advocate for sun centered universe
What contributions did Isaac newton make to science
Described laws of gravity
What is the heliocentric theory
Sun centered universe
What role did Portugal play in the age of exploration
led European exploration, great map makers
What role did Spain play in the age of exploration
Colonized Central and South America
What role did great Britain play in the age of expiration
Colonized and explored eastern North America
What advantages and technology made the age of exploration possible
Map making better ships, astrolabe and compass
What were the causes of the age of exploration
Causes: went overseas for religious reasons to get money, land, fame and fortune
What were the results of the age of exploration
Spread of diseases, new lands discovered slave trade, new economic practices
What were the achievements of Christopher Columbus
Claiming new lands for Spain in the Americas
What was the main achievement of Ferdinand Magellans crew
Circumnavigated the world
What is the Columbian exchange
Trading goods people animals ideas between Africa and America and Europe
Define circumnavigation
Sailing around the world
Who was Hernando Cortes and why was he important
A conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
Who was Francisco pizarro and why was he important
A conquistador who conquered the incas
What is mercantilism
Economic system emphasized building up of gold supply, having colonies, more exports than imports
Who was king Afonso and why was he important
African king opposed to slave trade
What is the middle passage
Slave passage between Africa and America
Which continent with most negatively impacted by the slave trade
Africa
What is the triangular trade
Trade link between Africa, Americas, Europe
What advantage did the Spanish conquistadors have over the American Indians
Weaponry, horses, immunity to some diseases
What were the main ideas of enlightenment thought
Freedom of thought in religion, idea of social contract, belief in natural rights
What did John Locke believe
Enlightenment philosopher, believer in natural rights life liberty, property
What did Thomas Hobbes believe
Enlightenment philosopher, property rights, people should give up liberty in exchange for security
What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe
Enlightenment thinker, believed in the general will of people (majority rule is best)
What did Voltaire believe
Enlightenment philosopher, believe in freedom of speech and religion, imprisoned for his views
What is meant by natural rights
Rights people are born with
What is meant by laissez faire
Minimal government regulation of the economy
What were the causes of the French revolution
Enlightenment ideas, food shortages, economic problems
Which estate paid the most in taxes in pre-Revolutionary France
Third
Know the order of the following events: execution of Louis the 16th, fall of Napoleon, reign of terror, tennis court oath, storming of the Bastille
- Tennis court oath
- Storming of the Bastille
- Execution of Louis XVI
- Reign of terror
- Fall of Napoleon
Nationalism
Pride in one’s nation
Republic
Government where officials are chosen by the people
What were the legacies of Napoleon
Code of laws (napoleonic code), ideas of nationalism in metric system, Bank of France, roads and bridges
Describe Napoleon’s military conquests and defeats
Victorious in central and southern Europe, defeated by Russia and Britain (britain= always enemy)
What was the Congress of Vienna and what were its goals
Established balance of power in Europe, Limited nationalism in France, protected monarchy
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution and why did it begin in Great Britain
Had natural resources, technology, and money for investment
What is the importance of the enclosure movement
Farmers lost land and move to city, workers worked in British factories
What were the effects of urbanization
Crowded, disease ridden, pollution
What were the working conditions of the laborers like
Unsafe, long hours, low wages
Describe the advances in technology during the Industrial Revolution
Electricity, transportation, communication
What was Darwins theory of evolution
Common ancestor for life, survival of the fittest, adaptation to the environment
How did Darwins theory of evolution influence of social Darwinism
Certain races and wealthy were more fit than others
Suffrage
Right to vote
Standard of living
How well a country lives
what were the ideas/beliefs of Karl Marx?
Workers would revolt and form a classless society, government would either away
How did working conditions improve for workers?
formed labor unions, anti-child labor laws, pensions
Impressionism
Attempt to capture first impression of an object, side by side brush strokes, no blending
Realism
Poetry world as it is, harsh city life, slums
Romanticism
Rebellion against enlightenment, glorified nature and human emotion
