Semester 1 Final Flashcards by Zoe Dittmar

What were the causes of the Renaissance?

Admired Greek and Roman civilization, wealthy merchants present to support arts, trade

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What is perspective?

Gives paintings a 3D effect

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What is the importance of the printing press

Easier to produce books, spread ideas and literacy

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Where did the Renaissance start?

Italy

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What is important about Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Raphael

Famous artists

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Who was Machiavelli and why was he important

Wrote the prince about how to be a good leader better to be feared than loved

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Who started the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

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What were the results of the Protestant Reformation

Questioning of authority, religious wars, Catholic Church lost power, new protestant religions

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What were the beliefs of Martin Luther

Against selling of indulgences, salvation gained through faith alone

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How did the Catholic Church respond to the reformation

Reformed themselves, reaffirmed Catholic teachings

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What was Henry the eighth’s role in the reformation

Formed church of England (Anglican church)

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What were the beliefs of John Calvin

Predestination

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What are indulgences

Purchasing forgiveness from sin

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What were the 95 theses

Luthers criticisms/complaints of the Catholic Church

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What were the major characteristics of the scientific revolution

Hypothesis, observation, experiment- used to criticize Catholic Church

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What is Galileo known for

Said sun is center of universe

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Why is Copernicus important

First person to advocate for sun centered universe

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What contributions did Isaac newton make to science

Described laws of gravity

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What is the heliocentric theory

Sun centered universe

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What role did Portugal play in the age of exploration

led European exploration, great map makers

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What role did Spain play in the age of exploration

Colonized Central and South America

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What role did great Britain play in the age of expiration

Colonized and explored eastern North America

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What advantages and technology made the age of exploration possible

Map making better ships, astrolabe and compass

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What were the causes of the age of exploration

Causes: went overseas for religious reasons to get money, land, fame and fortune

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What were the results of the age of exploration

Spread of diseases, new lands discovered slave trade, new economic practices

What were the achievements of Christopher Columbus

Claiming new lands for Spain in the Americas

What was the main achievement of Ferdinand Magellans crew

Circumnavigated the world

What is the Columbian exchange

Trading goods people animals ideas between Africa and America and Europe

Define circumnavigation

Sailing around the world

Who was Hernando Cortes and why was he important

A conquistador who conquered the Aztecs

Who was Francisco pizarro and why was he important

A conquistador who conquered the incas

What is mercantilism

Economic system emphasized building up of gold supply, having colonies, more exports than imports

Who was king Afonso and why was he important

African king opposed to slave trade

What is the middle passage

Slave passage between Africa and America

Which continent with most negatively impacted by the slave trade

Africa

What is the triangular trade

Trade link between Africa, Americas, Europe

What advantage did the Spanish conquistadors have over the American Indians

Weaponry, horses, immunity to some diseases

What were the main ideas of enlightenment thought

Freedom of thought in religion, idea of social contract, belief in natural rights

What did John Locke believe

Enlightenment philosopher, believer in natural rights life liberty, property

What did Thomas Hobbes believe

Enlightenment philosopher, property rights, people should give up liberty in exchange for security

What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe

Enlightenment thinker, believed in the general will of people (majority rule is best)

What did Voltaire believe

Enlightenment philosopher, believe in freedom of speech and religion, imprisoned for his views

What is meant by natural rights

Rights people are born with

What is meant by laissez faire

Minimal government regulation of the economy

What were the causes of the French revolution

Enlightenment ideas, food shortages, economic problems

Which estate paid the most in taxes in pre-Revolutionary France

Third

Know the order of the following events: execution of Louis the 16th, fall of Napoleon, reign of terror, tennis court oath, storming of the Bastille

1. Tennis court oath 2. Storming of the Bastille 3. Execution of Louis XVI 4. Reign of terror 5. Fall of Napoleon

Nationalism

Pride in one's nation

Republic

Government where officials are chosen by the people

What were the legacies of Napoleon

Code of laws (napoleonic code), ideas of nationalism in metric system, Bank of France, roads and bridges

Describe Napoleon's military conquests and defeats

Victorious in central and southern Europe, defeated by Russia and Britain (britain= always enemy)

What was the Congress of Vienna and what were its goals

Established balance of power in Europe, Limited nationalism in France, protected monarchy

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution and why did it begin in Great Britain

Had natural resources, technology, and money for investment

What is the importance of the enclosure movement

Farmers lost land and move to city, workers worked in British factories

What were the effects of urbanization

Crowded, disease ridden, pollution

What were the working conditions of the laborers like

Unsafe, long hours, low wages

Describe the advances in technology during the Industrial Revolution

Electricity, transportation, communication

What was Darwins theory of evolution

Common ancestor for life, survival of the fittest, adaptation to the environment

How did Darwins theory of evolution influence of social Darwinism

Certain races and wealthy were more fit than others

Suffrage

Right to vote

Standard of living

How well a country lives

what were the ideas/beliefs of Karl Marx?

Workers would revolt and form a classless society, government would either away

How did working conditions improve for workers?

formed labor unions, anti-child labor laws, pensions

Impressionism

Attempt to capture first impression of an object, side by side brush strokes, no blending

Realism

Poetry world as it is, harsh city life, slums

Romanticism

Rebellion against enlightenment, glorified nature and human emotion