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Biology > Semester 1 exam > Flashcards

Semester 1 exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biology

A

scientific study of life

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answers to a scientific question

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3
Q

theory

A

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range observations and hypotheses, enabling scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

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4
Q

biosphere

A

part of earth in which life exists, including land, water, and air or atmosphere

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5
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

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6
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

population

A

groups of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

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8
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms that live in a place

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9
Q

climate

A

average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time

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10
Q

weather

A

day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere

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11
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

process in which gases trap sunlight energy in Earth’s atmosphere as heat

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12
Q

autotroph

A

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds

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13
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things

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14
Q

food chain

A

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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15
Q

food web

A

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

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16
Q

population density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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17
Q

population distribution

A

the way individuals are spaced out across their range

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18
Q

demography

A

scientific study of human populations

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19
Q

limiting factor

A

factor that causes population growth to decrease

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20
Q

habitat

A

area in which an organism lives

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21
Q

resource

A

any necessity of life

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22
Q

keystone species

A

single species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community

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23
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship in which two species live close together

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24
Q

parasitism

A

relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it

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25
Q

mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

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26
Q

commensalism

A

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

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27
Q

atom

A

the basic unit of matter

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28
Q

electron

A

negatively charged particle; located in the space surrounding the nucleus

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29
Q

element

A

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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30
Q

compound

A

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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31
Q

Molecule

A

smallest unit of most compounds that displays all the properties of that compound

32
Q

Ionic bond

A

chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

33
Q

reactant

A

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

34
Q

Covalent Bond

A

type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared

35
Q

chemical reaction

A

process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemcials

36
Q

product

A

elements or compounds produced by chemical reactions

37
Q

Enzyme

A

protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

38
Q

prokaryote

A

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

39
Q

Eukaryote

A

organism whose cells contains a nucleus

40
Q

Diffusion

A

process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

41
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

42
Q

ATP

A

compound used by cells to store and release energy

43
Q

Cancer

A

disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth

44
Q

Differentiation

A

process by which cells become speacialized

45
Q

Stem cell

A

unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells

46
Q

Genetics

A

scientific study of heredity

47
Q

mRNA

A

type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

48
Q

rRNA

A

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

49
Q

tRNA

A

type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

50
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

51
Q

Translation

A

process by which the sequence of bases of mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

52
Q

Mutations

A

change in the genetic material of a cell

53
Q

Mutagen

A

chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation

54
Q

What are the 3 components of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and living cells only come from other living cells

55
Q

levels of organization in an multicellular organism

A

Cells, tissues organs, organ systems, organisms

56
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis

A

uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen

57
Q

what are the reactants and products in photosynthesis

A

Reactants: , water, carbon Dioxide Products: oxygen and glucose

58
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place

A

The chloroplast

59
Q

Light Dependant Reactions vs. Light Independent Reactions

A

In light dependent reactions, energy is taken from sunlight and turned into chemical energy, called ATP. In light independent reactions, the harvested chemical energy drives the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide

60
Q

What is cellular Respiration

A

The process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions

61
Q

what are 3 stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport chain

62
Q

What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration

A

Products: ATP, carbon dioxide, water Reactants: Oxygen, Glucose

63
Q

what are the 2 types of fermentation

A

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

64
Q

What is cell division

A

The process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells

65
Q

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis in order

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

66
Q

What is Meiosis

A

Meiosis is the formation of egg and sperm cells in sexually reproducing organisms

67
Q

In what 3 important ways do DNA and RNA differ

A

RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded, RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA has uracil while DNA has thymine

68
Q

What are the 3 main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

69
Q

What is the genetic code

A

A set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins

70
Q

What are the 3 main differences between meiosis and mitosis

A
  1. Mitosis is 1 stage while Meiosis is 2 stages
  2. Mitosis produces diploid cells while Meiosis produces haploid cells
  3. Mitosis has 2 identical daughter cells but Meiosis has 4 different daughter cells
71
Q

What are the 3 main roles of DNA

A

store, copy, and express

72
Q

Each DNA nucleotide is made up of what(3 components)

A

deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

73
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

74
Q

What is Charigaff’s rule

A

A goes with T and C goes with G

75
Q

What scientists discovered that DNA was a double helix

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

76
Q

What is DNA replication

A

the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division

Biology (8 decks)

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