Chapter 25 + 26 test Flashcards
All animals are _________ that obtain nutrients and energy from food
heterotrophic
Most ________ catch algae and small animals by using modified gills or other structures as nets that filter food items out of water
filter feeders
____________ feed on detritus, often obtaining extra nutrients from bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms that grow on or around it
detritivores
______ eat plants or parts of plants or algae
herbivores
___________ eat other animals
carnivores
The simplest animals, such as sponges, digest food _____________ that pass nutrients they need
inside specialized cells
More complex animals break food down outside cells in a ________ and then absorb the nutrients they need
digestive cavity
Many invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food as it passes through a tube called a _______________, which has two openings
Digestive tract
________ typically have sharp mouthparts or other structures that can capture food, hold it, and slice and dice it into small pieces
carnivores
_____________ have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding to tear plant cell walls and expose their contents
herbivores
Animals called ruminants, such as cattle, have a pouch-like extension of their esophagus called a _______, in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose
rumen
All animals must obtain ________ from their environment and get rid of _______________
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Some aquatic invertebrates rely on diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through their ________
skin respiration
Many aquatic invertebrates, fishes, and other animals exchange gases through _______
gills
_______ are feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water
gills
_____ are organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air
lungs
________________ in terrestrial invertebrates include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tracheal tubes
respiratory structures
All terrestrial vertebrates-reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of most amphibians-breathe with __________
lungs
What are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchiole in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange
Alveoli
A __________ is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around the body
heart
In __________, heart or heart-like organs pump blood through vessels that empty into a system of sinuses, or spongy cavities
Open circulatory systems
In _________, blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body
Closed circulatory systems
What are the two main types of circulatory systems among vertebrates
double loop and single loop
The _________ is the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the rest of the body
atrium
The _________ is the lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body
ventricle
How many chambers do modern mammal hearts have
4
When cells break down proteins, they produce a nitrogen-containing waste in what poisonous form
ammonia
Animals either eliminate _______ from the body quickly or convert it into to other compounds that are less toxic
Ammonia
Many animals use ______ to separate waste and excess water from blood in a fluid called urine
kidneys
Aquatic animals an allow ammonia to ______ out of their bodies into surrounding water, which dilutes the ammonia and carries it away
diffuse
Mammals and land amphibians convert ammonia into ______, which is excreted in urine. In most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into ______
urea; uric acid
Nervous systems are composed of different kinds of never cells, or ______
Neurons
Information in the environment that causes an organism to react is called ______
stimulus
An animal’s ability to detect stimuli depends on specialized cells called ___________
Sensory neurons
What is an interneuron
type of neuron that processes information and may relay information to motor neurons
A specific reaction to a stimulus is called a _____
response
Nerve cells called _______- carry directions from interneurons to muscles
motor neuron
Some invertebrates, such as jellyfishes, have simple nervous systems called _______
nerve nets
In other invertebrates, interneurons are grouped together into small structures called ________, where interneurons connect with one another
ganglion
In some species, cerebral ganglia are further organized into a structure called a _______
brain
The _______ is the thinking region of the brain
cerebrum
The ______ coordinates movement and controls balance, while the medulla oblongata controls the functioning of many internal organs
cerebellum
What are the three main types of skeletal systems animals have
hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, Endoskeleton
In vertebrates, bones are connected at ____ by strong connective tissues called _____
joints; ligaments
In many animals, ______ work together in pairs or groups that are attached to different parts of a skeleton
muscles
___________ requires only one parent, so individuals in favorable environmental conditions can reproduce rapidly. Offspring produced asexually carry only a single parents DNA, so they have less genetic diversity than offspring produced sexually
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction maintains _____ in a population by creating individuals with new combinations of genes
genetic diversity
During _______, eggs are fertilized inside the body of the egg-producing individual
internal fertilization
In _____________, eggs are fertilized outside the body of the egg-producing individual
external fertilization
Embryos develop in eggs outside of the parental body in an _____ species
oviparous
In species that are _________, embryos develop within the mother’s body, but they depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs, and receive no additional nutrients from the mother
ovoviviparous
Embryos that obtain nutrients from the mother’s body during development belong to a _____ species
vivparous
A ______ is a specialized organ in placental mammals through which respiratory gasses, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and her developing young
placenta
The process of changes in shape and form of a larva into an adult is called _____
metamorphosis
The _________ is an egg composed of shell and membranes that creates a protected environment in which the embryo can develop out of water
amniotic egg
What are mammary glands
Gland in female mammals that produces milk to nourish the young
______ interact with other body systems by releasing hormones into the blood that are carried throughout the body
endocrine glands
Body temperature control requires what three components
A source of heat, a way to conserve heat, and a method of eliminating excess heat
An ______ is an animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment
ectotherm
An _____ is an animal that regulates body temperature, at least in part, with the heat that its body generates
endotherm
________ animals need much less food than similarly sized endotherms
ectothermic
