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Biology > Chapter 25 + 26 test > Flashcards

Chapter 25 + 26 test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All animals are _________ that obtain nutrients and energy from food

A

heterotrophic

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2
Q

Most ________ catch algae and small animals by using modified gills or other structures as nets that filter food items out of water

A

filter feeders

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3
Q

____________ feed on detritus, often obtaining extra nutrients from bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms that grow on or around it

A

detritivores

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4
Q

______ eat plants or parts of plants or algae

A

herbivores

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5
Q

___________ eat other animals

A

carnivores

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6
Q

The simplest animals, such as sponges, digest food _____________ that pass nutrients they need

A

inside specialized cells

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7
Q

More complex animals break food down outside cells in a ________ and then absorb the nutrients they need

A

digestive cavity

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8
Q

Many invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food as it passes through a tube called a _______________, which has two openings

A

Digestive tract

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9
Q

________ typically have sharp mouthparts or other structures that can capture food, hold it, and slice and dice it into small pieces

A

carnivores

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10
Q

_____________ have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding to tear plant cell walls and expose their contents

A

herbivores

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11
Q

Animals called ruminants, such as cattle, have a pouch-like extension of their esophagus called a _______, in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose

A

rumen

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12
Q

All animals must obtain ________ from their environment and get rid of _______________

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Some aquatic invertebrates rely on diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through their ________

A

skin respiration

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14
Q

Many aquatic invertebrates, fishes, and other animals exchange gases through _______

A

gills

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15
Q

_______ are feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water

A

gills

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16
Q

_____ are organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

A

lungs

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17
Q

________________ in terrestrial invertebrates include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tracheal tubes

A

respiratory structures

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18
Q

All terrestrial vertebrates-reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of most amphibians-breathe with __________

A

lungs

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19
Q

What are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchiole in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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20
Q

A __________ is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around the body

A

heart

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21
Q

In __________, heart or heart-like organs pump blood through vessels that empty into a system of sinuses, or spongy cavities

A

Open circulatory systems

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22
Q

In _________, blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body

A

Closed circulatory systems

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23
Q

What are the two main types of circulatory systems among vertebrates

A

double loop and single loop

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24
Q

The _________ is the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the rest of the body

A

atrium

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25
Q

The _________ is the lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body

A

ventricle

26
Q

How many chambers do modern mammal hearts have

A

4

27
Q

When cells break down proteins, they produce a nitrogen-containing waste in what poisonous form

A

ammonia

28
Q

Animals either eliminate _______ from the body quickly or convert it into to other compounds that are less toxic

A

Ammonia

29
Q

Many animals use ______ to separate waste and excess water from blood in a fluid called urine

A

kidneys

30
Q

Aquatic animals an allow ammonia to ______ out of their bodies into surrounding water, which dilutes the ammonia and carries it away

A

diffuse

31
Q

Mammals and land amphibians convert ammonia into ______, which is excreted in urine. In most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into ______

A

urea; uric acid

32
Q

Nervous systems are composed of different kinds of never cells, or ______

A

Neurons

33
Q

Information in the environment that causes an organism to react is called ______

A

stimulus

34
Q

An animal’s ability to detect stimuli depends on specialized cells called ___________

A

Sensory neurons

35
Q

What is an interneuron

A

type of neuron that processes information and may relay information to motor neurons

36
Q

A specific reaction to a stimulus is called a _____

A

response

37
Q

Nerve cells called _______- carry directions from interneurons to muscles

A

motor neuron

38
Q

Some invertebrates, such as jellyfishes, have simple nervous systems called _______

A

nerve nets

39
Q

In other invertebrates, interneurons are grouped together into small structures called ________, where interneurons connect with one another

A

ganglion

40
Q

In some species, cerebral ganglia are further organized into a structure called a _______

A

brain

41
Q

The _______ is the thinking region of the brain

A

cerebrum

42
Q

The ______ coordinates movement and controls balance, while the medulla oblongata controls the functioning of many internal organs

A

cerebellum

43
Q

What are the three main types of skeletal systems animals have

A

hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, Endoskeleton

44
Q

In vertebrates, bones are connected at ____ by strong connective tissues called _____

A

joints; ligaments

45
Q

In many animals, ______ work together in pairs or groups that are attached to different parts of a skeleton

A

muscles

46
Q

___________ requires only one parent, so individuals in favorable environmental conditions can reproduce rapidly. Offspring produced asexually carry only a single parents DNA, so they have less genetic diversity than offspring produced sexually

A

Asexual reproduction

47
Q

Sexual reproduction maintains _____ in a population by creating individuals with new combinations of genes

A

genetic diversity

48
Q

During _______, eggs are fertilized inside the body of the egg-producing individual

A

internal fertilization

49
Q

In _____________, eggs are fertilized outside the body of the egg-producing individual

A

external fertilization

50
Q

Embryos develop in eggs outside of the parental body in an _____ species

A

oviparous

51
Q

In species that are _________, embryos develop within the mother’s body, but they depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs, and receive no additional nutrients from the mother

A

ovoviviparous

52
Q

Embryos that obtain nutrients from the mother’s body during development belong to a _____ species

A

vivparous

53
Q

A ______ is a specialized organ in placental mammals through which respiratory gasses, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and her developing young

A

placenta

54
Q

The process of changes in shape and form of a larva into an adult is called _____

A

metamorphosis

55
Q

The _________ is an egg composed of shell and membranes that creates a protected environment in which the embryo can develop out of water

A

amniotic egg

56
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Gland in female mammals that produces milk to nourish the young

57
Q

______ interact with other body systems by releasing hormones into the blood that are carried throughout the body

A

endocrine glands

58
Q

Body temperature control requires what three components

A

A source of heat, a way to conserve heat, and a method of eliminating excess heat

59
Q

An ______ is an animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment

A

ectotherm

60
Q

An _____ is an animal that regulates body temperature, at least in part, with the heat that its body generates

A

endotherm

61
Q

________ animals need much less food than similarly sized endotherms

A

ectothermic

Biology (8 decks)

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