Chapter 17 + 18 test

Question 1

What was the name of the ship on which Charles Darwin took his 5 year voyage

Answer 1

HMS beagle

Question 2

Darwin developed a theory of __________ that offered a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life, by proposing how modern organisms evolved through descent from common ancestors.

Answer 2

Biological Evolution

Question 3

Darwin focused on what 3 patterns of diversity

Answer 3

Species vary globally, species vary locally, and species vary over time

Question 4

Darwin noticed that different, yet ecologically similar, species inhabited separated, but ______________, habitats around the globe

Answer 4

ecologically similar

Question 5

Darwin noticed that different, yet related, species often occupied _______________ within a local area

Answer 5

Different Habitats

Question 6

In addition to collecting specimens of living species, Darwin also collected __________, preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

Answer 6

fossils

Question 7

Darwin noted that the ______________ included many extinct animals that were similar to, yet different from, living species.

Answer 7

fossil record

Question 8

___________ and ______________ concluded that the earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.

Answer 8

Hutton and Lyell

Question 9

This way of thinking, called _____________, holds that the geological processes we see in action today are the same processes that shaped Earth millions of years ago.

Answer 9

uniforimtarianism

Question 10

___________ suggested that individual organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies. He also suggested that individuals could pass these ______________ on to their offspring, enabling species to change over time

Answer 10

Lamarck/ acquired traits

Question 11

Today, we know that Lamarck’s hypotheses are completely __________

Answer 11

unsupported

Question 12

Malthus reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn’t be enough ______________ and __________ for everyone

Answer 12

living space/ food

Question 13

In ____________________, nature provides the inherited variations, and humans select those variants they find useful.

Answer 13

artificial selection

Question 14

Darwin’s contribution was to describe a natural process, a scientific mechanism, that could operate like artificial selection. In __________________, he supported his ideas with arguments from Malthus and Lamarck

Answer 14

On the Origin of Species

Question 15

Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an ______________

Answer 15

adaptation

Question 16

________________ describes how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment.

Answer 16

Fitness

Question 17

Individuals with adaptations that are well suited to their environment can survive and reproduce and are said to have high fitness. Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment either die without reproducing or leave relatively few offspring and are said to have low fitness. This results in differential reproductive success, or, as some call it,_________________

Answer 17

Survival of the Fittest

Question 18

________________ is the process by which organisms in nature with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring.

Answer 18

natural selection

Question 19

According to the ___________________, all species-living and extinct-are united by descent from ancient common ancestors, and exhibit diversity due to natural selection and adaptation.

Answer 19

Principle of common descent

Question 20

____________ is the study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past

Answer 20

biogeography

Question 21

Patterns in the __________ of _________ and living species, combined with information from geology, tell us how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors.

Answer 21

Distribution/ fossils

Question 22

_______________ explains the existence of homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification from a common ancestor.

Answer 22

Evolutionary theory

Question 23

_____________ are inherited from ancestors, but have lost much of their original size and function.

Answer 23

Vestigial Structures

Question 24

Body parts that serve similar functions, but do not share structure and development, are called ________________

Answer 24

analogous structures

Question 25

Similar patterns of _______________ development provide further evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor.

Answer 25

Embrylogical

Question 26

At the ______________ level, overwhelming similarities in the genetic code of all organisms, along with homologous genes and molecules, provide evidence of common descent.

Answer 26

molecular

Question 27

Many scientific advances have confirmed and expanded Darwin’s hypothesis. Today, __________ is vital to all biological and biomedical sciences, and is often called the grand unifying theory of the life sciences.

Answer 27

Evolutionary theory

Question 28

In genetic terms, a __________ is a group of individuals of the same species that make and produce offspring

Answer 28

population

Question 29

A _____________consists of all genes present in a population, including all alleles for each gene

Answer 29

Gene pool

Question 30

The number of times an allele in a gene pool, as a percentage of the total occurence of all alleles for that gene pool, is called _____________

Answer 30

allele frequency

Question 31

What are the 3 main ways that genetic variation is produced

Answer 31

Sexual Reproduction, altering of one gene number or position, and formation of new alleles

Question 32

A trait controlled by one gene that has two alleles is a _________ trait

Answer 32

multiple alleles

Question 33

Many traits are controlled by two or more genes and are called ______________

Answer 33

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 34

Natural Selection on single-gene traits can produce changes in allele frequencies that may be reflected by single changes in _______________

Answer 34

phenotype frequencies

Question 35

Natural Selection on polygenic traits can affect the relative fitness of phenotypes in three types of selection:what are they

Answer 35

directional selection, stabilizing selection, or disruptive selection

Question 36

What is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant

Answer 36

Genetic Drift

Question 37

What are the five conditions that can disturb genetic equilibrium and cause evolution to occur

Answer 37

Mutation, gene flow, small population, nonrandom mating, and natural selection

Question 38

What is prezygotic barrier that prevents interbreeding, between closely related species

Answer 38

Behavior isolation

Question 39

When does geographic isolation occur

Answer 39

After natural disasters, phenomenon or something that separates their habitats

Question 40

A third isolating mechanism, known as ___________, happens when two or more species reproduce at different times

Answer 40

Prezygotic barriers

Question 41

Speciation in Galapagos finches occured by the founding of a new population, ___________, changes in the new populations gene pool, behavioral isolation, and ____________

Answer 41

Geographical isolation/ ecological Competition

Question 42

One way new genes can evolve is through, ___________, followed by ___________, of existing genes

Answer 42

Duplications/ modifications

Question 43

Are chromosomes static DNA sequences

Answer 43

No

Question 44

A group of regulatory genes known as _______________ determines which parts of an embryo develop into arms,legs, or wings

Answer 44

hox genes

Question 45

Small changes in Hox gene activity during ______________ can produce large changes in adult animals

Answer 45

embryological devolpment

Question 46

A __________ uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently

Answer 46

Molecular clock