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Biology > Chapter 21 test > Flashcards

Chapter 21 test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

A

Virus

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2
Q

what is a protein coat surrounding a virus

A

Capsid

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3
Q

what is a type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

A

lytic infection

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4
Q

what is a kind of virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

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5
Q

what is a type of infecting in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

A

lysogenic infection

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6
Q

what is the bacteriophage DNA that is embedded in the bacterial hist’s DNA

A

prophage

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7
Q

RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information

A

retrovirus

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8
Q

is a virus living or nonliving

A

nonliving

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9
Q

how can viruses reproduce

A

by infecting other living cells

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10
Q

Viruses contain genetic information in the form of ______ or _______

A

RNA/DNA

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11
Q

What are two viruses’ patterns of infection

A

lytic and lysogenic infection

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12
Q

What happens when you get a common cold

A

cold viruses attack with a very simple, fast-acting infection

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13
Q

viruses cause disease by directly ______ ______ or by affecting cellular processes in ways that upset _______

A

living cells/homeostasis

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14
Q

What are two types of prevention and treatment of viruses

A

antiviral medication and others that help prolong the lives of people infected with HIV

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15
Q

Are viruses parasites

A

yes

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16
Q

what is the unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

A

prokaryote

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17
Q

What is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

A

Binary fission

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18
Q

what is a structure produced by prokaryotes in unfavorable conditions; a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm

A

endosphere

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19
Q

what is the process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

A

conjugation

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20
Q

What is a disease-causing agent

A

pathogen

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21
Q

what is the preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease

A

Vaccine

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22
Q

What is a group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens

A

antibiotic

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23
Q

Where is the DNA of prokaryotes located

A

cytoplasm

24
Q

Prokaryotes belong to what two domains

A

Bacteria and Archaea

25
Q

The cell walls of bacteria contain ___________, which is a polymer of sugars and amino acids that surrounded the cell membrane

A

peptidolycan

26
Q

Many archaea live where

A

extremely harsh environments

27
Q

what are the three basic shapes of prokaryotes

A

rod, spherical, and spiral

28
Q

Most prokaryotes reproduce by what process

A

Binary fission

29
Q

Since many prokaryotes reproduce asexualy, what two ways do their populations evolve

A

mutations and through conjugation

30
Q

In a typical human intestine there may be as many as how many bacteria

A

30 trillion bacteria

31
Q

Bacteria produce disease in what two general ways

A

by destroying living cells or release chemicals that release homeostasis

32
Q

What are infections that evolve and make medicines less effective

A

superbugs

33
Q

What is an unknown disease that becomes hard to control

A

An emerging disease

34
Q

what is a short hairlike projection that produces movement

A

cilium

35
Q

What is a structure used by protists for movement; produces movement in a wavelike motion

A

flagellum

36
Q

what is a life cycle that has two alternating phases—a haploid phase and diploid phase

A

alternation of generations

37
Q

What are eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdom

A

protists

38
Q

How many species of protists are there

A

300,000

39
Q

How many major clades or groups of protists are there

A

6

40
Q

What are the ways protists move

A

change their cell shape, means of specialized organelle, don’t move except by wind or water

41
Q

What ways do protists reproduce

A

mitosis, or asexual reproduction

42
Q

What are complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

A

Chitin

43
Q

what is one of many long, slender filaments that makes up the body of a fungus

A

hypha

44
Q

what is a reproductive structure of a fungus that grows from the mycelium

A

fruiting body

45
Q

what is a densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

A

mycelium

46
Q

what is the symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism

A

lichen

47
Q

what is a symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

A

mycorrhiza

48
Q

what is heterotrophic with cell walls

A

fungi

49
Q

how can fungi reproduce asexually

A

spores by air or water

50
Q

do most fungi reproduce sexually or asexually

A

sexually

51
Q

How many species of fungi are known

A

100,000

52
Q

What are the four major phyla of fungi

A

Ascomycota, zygomycota, trititiomicota

53
Q

how do fungi help ecosystems maintain homeostasis

A

breaking down dead organisms, or recycling elements

54
Q

How can parasitic fungi cause serious diseases in plants and animals

A

disrupting homeostasis

55
Q

What kind of relationships do fungi form with plant roots

A

mutualistic

56
Q

Scientists estimate that what percent of plant species form mycorrhizae with fungi

A

80-90 percent

Biology (8 decks)

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