Chapter 22 + 23 test Flashcards
The Lives of plants depend on what 4 things
Sunlight, gas exchange, water, and minerals
All plants are ______, have cells walls containing ________, and carry out ________ using chlorophyll a and b
Eukaryotes, cellulose, and photosynthesis
Botanists divide the plant kingdom into 5 major groups based on four important features. What are the 5 major groups
flowering plants, green algae, mosses and relatives, ferns and relatives, cone-bearing plants
What are the 4 important features
Embryo formation, specialized water-conducting tissues, seeds, and flowers
What is alternation of generations
The shift between the haploid phase and diploid phase
The multicellular diploid phase is known as the ______, or spore-producing plant
sporophyte
The multicellular haploid phase is known as the ________, or gamete-producing plant
gametophyte
Group of plants that have specialized reproductive organs but lack vascular tissue
brophyte
What is the structure in plants that produces eggs
Archegonium
What is the male reproductive structure in some plants that produces sperm
Antheridium
Vascular plants are also known as _______
Tracheophyte
_____ is a tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant
Xylem
_________ is the tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis through the plant
Phloem
A ________ is a plant embryo and its food supply encased in a protective covering
seed
What are the two major groups of seed plants
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
The transform of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure is called _____
pollination
What is the structure in seed cones in which the female gametophytes develop
Ovule
What is the structure in angiosperms that contain one or more matured ovaries
fruit
flowering plants were classified according to the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in their embryos. Those with one seed leaf were called _______, and those with two seed leaves were called ____
monocots, dicots
Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of what four different kinds of specialized leaves
Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
What is the female gametophyte within the ovule of a flowering plant
Embryo sac
What is the process of fertilization in angiosperms in which the first event produces the zygote and the second, the endosperm within the seed
Double fertilization
What is the food rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows
Endosperm
The process of fertilization in angiosperms is distinct from that found in other plants. Two fertilization events take place-one that produces the _______ and the other that produces the ______________ within the seed
zygote, endosperm
_________ is the formation of new individuals by mitosis. It does not require gametes, flowers, or fertilization
Vegetative reproduction
Within the roots, stems and leaves of plants are specialized tissue systems. What are these three types of tissue?
Carry substances between roots and leaves provide support for plant; holds leaves up to sunlight
What is dermal tissue
protective outer tissue of a plant
What does vascular tissue do
tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants
What does ground tissue do
produces and stores food
What are the regions of unspecialized cells in which mitosis produces new cells that are ready for differentiation
meristems
What are the two main types of root systems
Taproot and fibrous roots
What is the large primary root called
taproot
_______ supports a plant, anchor it in the ground, stores food, and absorbs water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
roots
____ produces leaves, branches, and flowers, hold leaves up to the sun, and transports substances throughout the plant
stems
How are the vascular bundles arranged in monocots and how are they arranged in dicots
They are arranged in a ring in the dicuts
The growth of new cells produced by the apical meristems at the ends of a plant is called
primary growth
As a plant grows larger, the older stems and roots must increase in thickness as well as length. This increase in thickness of stems and roots is known as ___________
secondary growth
The structure of a leaf is optimized to do what
absorb and carry out photosynthesis
The area between leaf veins is filled with specialized ground tissue cells known as __________, where photosynthesis occurs
mesophyll
_________ are small openings in the epidermis that allow carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
stomata
What is the loss of water from a plant through its leaves called
traspiration
the combination of ________ and _________ lifts water upward through the xylem tissues of a plant
transpiration, xylem tissue
_________ are chemical signals that affect the growth, activity, and development of cells and tissues
hormones
to respond to a hormone, a target cell must contain hormone _______—usually proteins—to which hormone molecules bind
receptors
What is an auxin
stimulate cell elongations and growth in new roots
Plant sensors that detect environmental stimuli signal elongating organs to reorient their growth. These growth responses are called _______
tropisms
What are the three tropisms discussed in the book and the environmental stimuli for each?
phototropism, thigmotropism, and gravitropism
________ is the plant response to the relative lengths of light and darkness
phototropism
________ is the systematic cultivation of plants
agriculture
Today, _____ is the foundation on which human society is built
farming
What are the four crop plant that worldwide most people depend on for the bulk of their food supply
rice, wheat, soy beans, and corn
What are two important uses of plants that have nothing to do with food
clothes and medicine
