sem 2 exam 1 Flashcards
reconstruction
(1865-1877) rebuilding the south and integrating freed black ppl into society
radical republicans
pro-civil rights group that controlled congress, passed the freedmen’s bureau and the civil rights act of 1866
freedmen’s bureau
established to provide food, education, and legal assistance to former slaves
black codes
southern laws passed to restrict rights of black ppl
scalawags
term for southern whites who supported the republican party in the south, targeted by kkk, contributed to reform movements in south and supported civil rights for freemen
carpet baggers
term for northerners who moved to the south after war, seen as opportunists, targeted by kkk, contributed to reform movements in south and supported civil rights for freemen
civil rights act of 1866
birthright citizenship and civl rights for everyone except native americans, passed by radical republicans, johnson tried to veto but congress overruled
14th amendment
(1868) birthright citizenship for everyone except native americans
15th amendment
(1870) prohibited denying the right to vote based on race of previous condition (slavery)
panic of 1873
railroad companies began to default on loans, led to panic and widespread unemployment, shifted northern focus and decreased support for intervention in the south
compromise of 1877
rutherford b. hayes is awarded presidency if troops are removed from south, without the troops neo-confederate gov’ts gained power in the south
homestead act
(1862) granted 160 acres of land in the west if you improved an farmed it for at least 5 years, encouraged westward expansion and attracted immigrants seeking economic opportunities
dawes act
(1887) divided native tribal lands into individual allotments to encourage assimilation, native ppl lost millions of acres and their communal and cultural practices were undermined or erased
railroad strike of 1877
the first nationwide labor strike triggered by wage cuts, paralyzed rail traffic across nation, led to violent clashes between workers and states, underlined emerging tensions between labor unions and capitalists
transcontinental railroad
connected eastern u.s. to the west, facilitating commerce, immigration, and settlement; built mainly with lard labor of irish immigrants from east and chinese laborers from west; created national market and enabled steel, agriculture, and mining industries to flourish; accelerated decline of native landholdings as ppl expanded westward
industrial giants
figures like carnegie, rockefeller, etc. amassed vast fortunes through monopolies/trusts, founding of labor organizations like knights of labor and american federation of labor (afl) countered their rise
rockefeller
held oil monopoly, standard oil company, engaged in horizontal integration (buying up all the competition)
carnegie
held steel monopoly, carnegie steel company, engaged in vertical integration (owning all the steps in production)
political machines
(late 19th century) controlled politics through rigged elections and corruption
tammany hall
led by boss tweed, offered “social services” to immigrants in exchange for votes
pendleton civil service reform act
(1883) passed to diminish spoils system/patronage within u.s. politics, happened after pres. james garfield got shot bc he didn’t give charles guiteau a job in the gov’t, established merit-based hiring
knights of labor
(1878) major organization for labor reforms, including 8 hr workday, accepted workers of all skill levels including women and black ppl (tho segregated)
haymarket affair
(1886) a bomb explodes during a KoL rally, killing police officers and civilians, resulted in widespread anti-labor sentiment and symbolized growing fears of anarchism in u.s.
