Self-report techniques

Question 1

What is meant by a self-report technique?

Answer 1

A method in which a person is asked to state or explain their own feelings, opinions, behaviours etc related to a given topic.

Question 2

What is a questionnaire?

Answer 2

A set of written questions used to assess a person’s thoughts and / or experiences.

Question 3

What is an interview?

Answer 3

A ‘live’ encounter where one person asks the other a set of questions to assess the other’s thoughts and experiences.

Question 4

A multiple choice quiz is an example of what?

Answer 4

A closed questionnaire.

Question 5

Which technique involves a pre-set list of written questions to which the participant responds?

Answer 5

Questionnaire.

Question 6

Which technique is typically used in a personality test?

Answer 6

Questionnaires.

Question 7

What are the (main) two type so questions on a questionnaire?

Answer 7

Open and closed.

Question 8

T / F:

A questionnaire may be used in an experiment to assess the dependent variable.

Answer 8

True.

Question 9

Which type of question does not have a fixed answer?

Answer 9

An open question.

Question 10

T / F:

Eyesnck’s personality test is an example of an open questionnaire.

Answer 10

False - it is a closed questionnaire.

Question 11

Open questions tend to produce what type of data?

Answer 11

Qualitative data.

Question 12

How are most interviews conducted?

Answer 12

Face-to-face.

Question 13

What are structured interviews?

Answer 13

They are made up of a pre-determined set of questions that are asked in a fixed order.

Question 14

Which type of questions has fixed amounts of responses?

Answer 14

Closed questions.

Question 15

Which type of interview is set-up such as a questionnaire?

Answer 15

Structured interviews - this is because there are a set of pre-determined questions asked in a set order.

Question 16

Closed questions tend to produce quantitative data, what are the typical characteristics of this data?

Answer 16

Is usually numerical and easy to analyse, however, they tend to lack the details of qualitative data.

Question 17

Which type of interview works almost as a conversation?

Answer 17

Unstructured interview.

Question 18

T / F:

- Interviews are done face-to-face by an interviewer and interviewee/s.

Answer 18

False - they can be done over the phone.

Question 19

What are the three types of interview?

Answer 19

Structured, Unstructured and Semi-structured.

Question 20

Open questions tend to produce qualitative data, what are the typical characteristics of this data?

Answer 20

It is rich in detail but may be difficult to analyse.

Question 21

In which interviews are there no set questions?

Answer 21

Unstructured interviews.

Question 22

What are unstructured interviews?

Answer 22

An interview where there are no set questions, only a general aim that a certain topic will be discussed.

Question 23

Which self-report method is conducted in real-time?

Answer 23

Interviews.

Question 24

Which self-report method is carried out in the participants own time?

Answer 24

Questionnaire.

Question 25

Which type of interview are made up of a pre-determined set of questions that are asked in a fixed order?

Answer 25

Structured interviews.

Question 26

Which type of interview tends to have flee-flowing interaction between the interviewer and interviewee?

Answer 26

Unstructured interviews.

Question 27

Who is the interviewer?

Answer 27

The person asking the questions.

Question 28

Who is the interviewee?

Answer 28

The person being interviewed.

Question 29

Which type of interview is a hybrid between structured and unstructured interviews?

Answer 29

Semi-structured interviews.

Question 30

Which type of interview are we most likely to experience in real-life?

Answer 30

Semi-structured interview.

Question 31

AO3 - Strengths of questionnaires.

Answer 31

• Cost-effective.
• Gather large amounts of details quickly as they can be distributed widely.
• Completed on the participants own time.
• Data produced typically lends itself to statistical analysis.

Question 32

T / F:

- A job interview is likely to be a structured interview.

Answer 32

False, it is likely to be a semi-structured interview.

Question 33

AO3 - Cost-effectivity.

Answer 33

Questionnaires are cost-effective because they can produce large amounts of data when distributed widely, they are also relatively cheap to produce and distribute.

Question 34

T / F:

- A job interview is likely to be a semi-structured interview.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are semi-structured interviews?

Answer 35

An interview where there is a list of questions that have been worked out in advance but interviewers are also free to ask follow-up questions when they feel appropriate. They are also completed without an interviewer so there is no cost to produce them.

Question 36

T / F:

- A job interview is likely to be an unstructured interview.

Answer 36

False, it is likely to be a semi-structured interview.

Question 37

AO3 - Weaknesses of questionnaires.

Answer 37

• Responses may not be truthful, participants may lend themselves to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
• A response bias may also be produced, where respondents typically reply in a similar way for each question.

Question 38

AO3 - Social desirability biased.

Answer 38

A major negative of questionnaires are that responses may not always be truthful, respondents may respond to social desirability bias as they wish to present themselves in a positive light and this may influence their answers.

Question 39

AO3 - Response bias.

Answer 39

Questionnaires often produce a response bias, where the respondents tend to reply in a similar way for each question.

Question 40

Most interviews are which type?

Answer 40

Semi-structured.

Question 41

What is it called where participants seem to have a favoured end of the a rating scale?

Answer 41

Response bias.

Question 42

Why may a response biased occur in the results?

Answer 42

Because participants may answer to quickly and not properly read the questions.

Question 43

Acquiescence bias is famously seen in which questionnaire?

Answer 43

The F-scale, (Adorno et al.).

Question 44

AO3 - Strength of structured interviews.

Answer 44

Structured interviews are straightforward to replicate due to heir standardised format, the format also decreases differences between interviewers.

Question 45

AO3 - Weakness of structured interviews.

Answer 45

The nature of structured interviews interviewers cannot deviate from their written questions and therefore frustration can occur when participants have more to say about certain topics.

Question 46

AO3 - Weakness of unstructured interviews.

Answer 46

Data analysis is not straightforward and the researcher may have to sift through much irrelevant information and drawing firm conclusions may be difficult.

Question 47

AO3 - Strength of unstructured interviews.

Answer 47

There is lots of flexibility which means that they can follow up and and we can gain insight into the worldview of the interviewee.

Question 48

A good question has what features?

Answer 48

1) Clarity - no double-negative or double-barrel questions.
2) Bias - no leading questions.
3) Analysis - questions need to be easy to analyse.