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Psych (1.6) Research Methods > Data analysis: Graphs > Flashcards

Data analysis: Graphs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scattergram?

A

A type of graph that represents the strength and direction of a relationship between co-variables in a correlational analysis.

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2
Q

What is a bar chart?

A

A type of graph in which the frequency of each variable is represented by the height of the bars.

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3
Q

What is a skewed distribution?

A

A spread of frequency data that is non-symmetrical, the data clusters at one end.

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4
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A

A symmetrical spread of frequency data that forms a bell-shaped curve. The mean, median and mode are all the same.

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5
Q

What is a positive skew?

A

A type of distribution in which the long tail is on the positive (right) side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated to the left.

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6
Q

What type of data can be used in bar charts?

A

Categorical data (which is a type of discrete data).

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7
Q

Why are the bars on a bar chart not touching each other?

A

Because the x-axis is not a continuous scale and the gap between bars shows we are dealing with seperate categories.

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8
Q

What is plotted on the y-axis in a bar chart?

A

The frequency of each category.

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9
Q

What is a negative skew?

A

A type of distribution in which the long tail is on the negative (left) side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated to the right.

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10
Q

In a bar chart, what do the height of the bars represent?

A

The frequency of each variable.

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11
Q

Correlations are plotted on which type of graph?

A

Scattergram.

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12
Q

What is on the x and y axis of a scattergram?

A

One co-variable is on each of the scales.

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13
Q

What is the difference between a histogram and a bar chart?

A

A histogram is used when data is continuous whilst a bar chart is for discrete (categorical) data.

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14
Q

What type of data can be plotted on a line graph?

A

Continuous data.

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15
Q

What is plotted on the x-axis in a bar chart?

A

The different experimental categories.

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16
Q

What is the x-axis on a line graph?

A

The IV.

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17
Q

Which type of graph is typically used to show a change in the DV over time?

A

A line graph.

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18
Q

If the bars on a bar chart touch each other, what does this mean?

A

That it is no longer a bar chart, rather a histogram and the data is continuous rather than discrete.

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19
Q

What is the x-axis on a histogram?

A

Equally-sized intervals of a single category.

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20
Q

What is the y-axis on a line graph?

A

The DV.

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21
Q

On a histogram, what happens if there is zero frequency on one interval?

A

Then the interval is left as a gap / without a bar.

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22
Q

Which type of distribution has the mean, median and mode as the same value?

A

Normal distribution.

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23
Q

In a normal distribution, what percentage of the population fall within two s.d’s of the mean?

A

95%

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24
Q

What is the y-axis on a histogram?

A

The frequency within each interval.

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25
Q

On a normal distribution, what percentage of hte population is outside of the mean +/- 3 s.d?

A

0.02%

26
Q

T / F:

- On a normal distribution, the tails of the curves never touch the x-axis?

A

True, they never reach zero as theoretically more extreme scores are possible.

27
Q

In a normal distribution, what percentage of the population fall within three s.d’s of the mean?

A

99.8%

28
Q

T / F:

- IQ is normally distributed.

A

True.

29
Q

Height is usually what type of distribution?

A

Normal distribution.

30
Q

Which type of distribution is symmetrical?

A

Normal distribution.

31
Q

In a normal distribution, what percentage of the population fall within one s.d of the mean?

A

68%.

32
Q

IQ and shoe size are good examples of which type of distribution?

A

Normal distribution.

33
Q

A distribution that looks like a left foot is which type of distribution?

A

Negatively skewed.

34
Q

Normal distribution links heavily to which part of psychopathology?

A

Definitions of abnormality -> Statistical infrequency.

35
Q

Which type of distribution is bell-shaped?

A

Normal distribution.

36
Q

Explain why on a normal distribution, the tails of the curve never reach zero:

A

Because, theoretically more extreme scores are always possible.

37
Q

Where are the mean, median and mode positioned for a normal distribution curve?

A

They are all together at the top of the bell-shape, with 50% of the population on either side.

38
Q

T / F:

- The mode is always at the top of the curve for any distribution type?

A

True, the top of the curve is where the most frequency is.

39
Q

A distribution that looks like a right foot is which type of distribution?

A

Positively skewed.

40
Q

In a normal distribution;
mean +/- 1 s.d = ?
mean +/- 2 s.d = ?
mean +/- 3 s.d = ?

A

mean +/- 1 s.d = 68%
mean +/- 2 s.d = 95%
mean +/- 3 s.d = 98.8%

41
Q

What is it called when distributions appear to ‘lean’ to one side or the other?

A

Skewed distribution.

42
Q

In a positive skew, where is most of the data concentrated?

A

Towards the left of the graph, resulting in a long tail to the right.

43
Q

If students were given a very difficult test where most students got bad results, but a handful got high results, what type of distribution would be shown?

A

A positive skew (the left side is more concentrated).

44
Q

In a positive skew, what happens to the median?

A

The median is pulled slightly to the left, (towards the tail).

45
Q

In a negative skew, what happens to the mean?

A

It is pulled most heavily to the left, (towards the tail).

46
Q

In a skewed distribution, where is the mode found?

A

It is always found at the highest point as there is the highest frequency of answer.

47
Q

Describe the location of each average in a normal distribution?

A

Mean = Median = Mode.

48
Q

A zero skew distribution is also known as what type of distribution?

A

Normal distribution.

49
Q

If students were given a very easy test where most students got good results, but a handful got low results, what type of distribution would be shown?

A

A negative skew (the right side is more concentrated).

50
Q

In a negative skew, where is most of the data concentrated?

A

Towards the right of the graph, resulting in a long tail to the left .

51
Q

What percentage of the population falls within 1 standard deviation either side of the mean in a normal distribution? (1)

A

68%.

52
Q

Describe the location of each average in a positive skew?

A

Mean > Median > Mode.

53
Q

Researchers studying stress used a questionnaire to rate participants on the daily hassles they experienced in the previous week. The mean daily hassles score was 65, the median daily hassles was 67 and the mode was 78.
What kind of distribution is this? (1)

A

Negative skew.

54
Q

In a positive skew, what happens to the mean?

A

It is pulled most heavily to the right, (towards the tail).

55
Q

Participants in a memory study were tested on their recall of a list of 15 words. The mean number of words recalled was 10, the median was 11 and the mode was 13.
What type of distribution does this data show?

A

Negative skew.

56
Q

Describe the location of each average in a negative skew?

A

Mean < Median < Mode.

57
Q

In a negative skew, what happens to the median?

A

The median is pulled slightly to the left, (towards the tail).

58
Q

200 participants filled in a questionnaire to find aggression ratings. The mean aggression score was 29, the median was 20 and the mode was 19.
What type of distribution is shown here? (1)

A

Positive skew.

59
Q

Which type of graphical display would be most appropriate to represent the following:
The change in a person’s body temperature over the course of a day, (2 marks).

A

A line graph, the data is continuous over time, the line shows changes throughout the day.

60
Q

Which type of graphical display would be most appropriate to represent the following:
The difference in average rainfall between Manchester and Paris, (2 marks).

A

A bar chart, the data is categorical (discrete).

Psych (1.6) Research Methods (20 decks)

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