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Psychology Reasearch Methods > Self Report > Flashcards

Self Report Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a self-report

A

When a psychologist simply asks participants questions

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of self-report

A

Interviews and questionnaires

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3
Q

What is an interview

A

When an interviewer asks participants questions face to face

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4
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

A set of pre-determined written questions

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of interview

A

Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured

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6
Q

What is a structured interview

A

The questions are pre-determined and the interviewer simply reads them out

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7
Q

What are the strengths of structured interviews

A
  • they can be easily replicated to check the reliability
  • set questions allow for comparison between participants
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8
Q

What is the weakness of structured interviews

A

You can’t deviate form the list of questions so you can’t probe for deeper insight on a certain topic

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9
Q

What is an unstructured interview

A

The topic of interest is introduced at the start and then the interviewer goes along with the flow of conversation

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10
Q

What is the advantage of unstructured interview

A

Interviewer can freely ask questions so more information can be gathered

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11
Q

What is the disadvantage of unstructured interviews

A

As a variety of questions may have been asked it’s difficult to replicate and analysing the data and comparing may also be difficult

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12
Q

What is semi-structured interviews

A

Some questions are planned but unplanned follow up questions can be asked to gain more clarity

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13
Q

What is a strength of semi-structured interviews

A

Due to pre-determined questions its still possible to compare the answers of participants

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14
Q

What is a weakness of semi-structured interviews

A

A variety of questions may have been used so it makes it more difficult to replicate and compare the results of participants

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of questions used in a questionnaire

A

-closed question
-rating scale
-open question

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16
Q

What are closed questions and what type of data do they generate

A

They are questions that restrict the responses to a set of options provided in the questionnaire and it generates quantitative data

17
Q

What are the 3 types of closed questions

A
  • Yes/ no questions
  • tick lists (select the applicable answerS)
  • select the answer most applicable
18
Q

What type of question are rating scale questions

A

They are still a closed question but respondent can indicate the strength of their feeling/ attitude

19
Q

What are the 3 type of rating scale

A
  • rating scale
  • likert scale
    -semantic differential scale
    Make sure that I know what they all look like
20
Q

What are the strengths of closed questions

A

+ it’s easy for respondent to answer the question so lots of data can be collected quickly
+ easy to test the reliability of the results as the same questions can be given to pts at different points in time to test for consistency
+it produces quantitative data therefore you can summarises findings and compare easily between participants or conditions

21
Q

What are the weaknesses of closed questions

A
  • produces quantitative data so no detail behind why the answers where given.
  • risk of response bias so respondent might just tick yes for everything
  • there is only a limited number of choice for respondent to select and these might not fit there view so this might lower the validity of the data
22
Q

What are the strengths of rating scales, likert scales and semantic differential scale

A

+More detail than a simple yes or no
+ produces quantitative data so easy analysis
+ respondents have to agree/ disagree with something which is less polarising than y/n so more likely to gain responses

23
Q

What are the weaknesses of rating scale, likert scale and semantic differential scale

A
  • its subjective as people interpret rating and terms differently
    -people might not understand the terminology of semantic differential scales
24
Q

What is an open question and what type of data does it collect

A

A question that invites a respondent to reply in any way that they want
It collects qualitative data

25
Q

What is a strength of open questions

A

+ can collect qualitative data… much more insight can be obtained
+ respondent can express themselves freely … may reveal something unanticipated which may be useful when analysing the behaviours or attitudes

26
Q

What are the weakness of open questions

A
  • qualitative data … difficult to analyse and make comparisons between participants
    -participants might get bored as requires more thought and effort to complete than a closed question
27
Q

What are the ethically consideration. Should be taken into consideration when creating a questionnaire

A

They are anonymous and therefore confidential (this should be stated at the beginning of the questionnaire). This also means that only submitted participants lose there right to withdraw. There should be a full debrief where they are given access to any help they might need.

28
Q

How do increase the validity of the results

A

When writing the questions insure that they stay really close to the aim of the study

29
Q

How does evaluation apprehension decrease the validity of the results and how does a questionnaire reduce the risk of this

A

This is when participants are concerned about being tested which may affect results .
As questionnaires are confidential so more likely to answer honestly and they are also usually anonymous

30
Q

How can a questionnaire cause social desirability bias and what can the researcher do to reduce the impact of this on the validity

A

People are likely to with hold information to make then appear in a better light so decreases the validity of the results.
The research can put in filler questions so that the ppt is unaware of what is being investigated so less likely to lie to appear socially desirable

31
Q

When designing a questionnaire why should a researcher conduct a pilot study

A
  • check then understanding of questions
  • check the clarity of questions
    -to ensure rating scales/ choice categories are appropriate

THESE ALL INCREASE THE VALIDITY OF THE RESULTS

32
Q

How do you insure the internal reliability of the questionnaire

A

Uses repeat questions that are worded slightly differently and is the respondent gives to very different responses their data is classed as unreliable

33
Q

What is another way of testing for internal reliability

A

The split half method
This is when scores from two halves of a test are compared and if the scores from the first half correlate with the scores from the second half then they are internally reliable.

34
Q

How do you test for external reliability with a questionnaire

A

Uses the test-re-test method = get the pts to complete it once and then complete it again another time. It the questions form both times they completed it correlate then the questionnaire can be said to be externally reliable

35
Q

What are the overall advantages of questionnaires

A

-they provide quantitative data that can be analysed
-data from questionnaires and surveys can be used to identify and predict patterns and trends
-they are quick to administer and analyse so can target large sample size

36
Q

What are the overall disadvantages of questionnaires

A
  • response are often very limited and may not represent the respondents opinion or view. This could lead to respondent ticking a box that doesn’t really represent their view which could invalidate the results
    -cannot probe for deeper answers so can’t get the same level of insight that you would with a interview
37
Q

What is the overall advantage of self reports

A

-only method that allows you to gain access to ppts thoughts and feelings

38
Q

What is an overall disadvantage of self-reports

A
  • risk of social desirability bias as ppts might want to present themselves in a positive light and therefore we can’t be sure when are measuring ppts true thoughts and feelings reducing validity of then results

Psychology Reasearch Methods (15 decks)

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