Self Report

Question 1

What is a self-report

Answer 1

When a psychologist simply asks participants questions

Question 2

What are the 2 types of self-report

Answer 2

Interviews and questionnaires

Question 3

What is an interview

Answer 3

When an interviewer asks participants questions face to face

Question 4

What is a questionnaire

Answer 4

A set of pre-determined written questions

Question 5

What are the 3 types of interview

Answer 5

Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured

Question 6

What is a structured interview

Answer 6

The questions are pre-determined and the interviewer simply reads them out

Question 7

What are the strengths of structured interviews

Answer 7

• they can be easily replicated to check the reliability
• set questions allow for comparison between participants

Question 8

What is the weakness of structured interviews

Answer 8

You can’t deviate form the list of questions so you can’t probe for deeper insight on a certain topic

Question 9

What is an unstructured interview

Answer 9

The topic of interest is introduced at the start and then the interviewer goes along with the flow of conversation

Question 10

What is the advantage of unstructured interview

Answer 10

Interviewer can freely ask questions so more information can be gathered

Question 11

What is the disadvantage of unstructured interviews

Answer 11

As a variety of questions may have been asked it’s difficult to replicate and analysing the data and comparing may also be difficult

Question 12

What is semi-structured interviews

Answer 12

Some questions are planned but unplanned follow up questions can be asked to gain more clarity

Question 13

What is a strength of semi-structured interviews

Answer 13

Due to pre-determined questions its still possible to compare the answers of participants

Question 14

What is a weakness of semi-structured interviews

Answer 14

A variety of questions may have been used so it makes it more difficult to replicate and compare the results of participants

Question 15

What are the 3 types of questions used in a questionnaire

Answer 15

-closed question
-rating scale
-open question

Question 16

What are closed questions and what type of data do they generate

Answer 16

They are questions that restrict the responses to a set of options provided in the questionnaire and it generates quantitative data

Question 17

What are the 3 types of closed questions

Answer 17

• Yes/ no questions
• tick lists (select the applicable answerS)
• select the answer most applicable

Question 18

What type of question are rating scale questions

Answer 18

They are still a closed question but respondent can indicate the strength of their feeling/ attitude

Question 19

What are the 3 type of rating scale

Answer 19

• rating scale
• likert scale
  -semantic differential scale
  Make sure that I know what they all look like

Question 20

What are the strengths of closed questions

Answer 20

+ it’s easy for respondent to answer the question so lots of data can be collected quickly
+ easy to test the reliability of the results as the same questions can be given to pts at different points in time to test for consistency
+it produces quantitative data therefore you can summarises findings and compare easily between participants or conditions

Question 21

What are the weaknesses of closed questions

Answer 21

• produces quantitative data so no detail behind why the answers where given.
• risk of response bias so respondent might just tick yes for everything
• there is only a limited number of choice for respondent to select and these might not fit there view so this might lower the validity of the data

Question 22

What are the strengths of rating scales, likert scales and semantic differential scale

Answer 22

+More detail than a simple yes or no
+ produces quantitative data so easy analysis
+ respondents have to agree/ disagree with something which is less polarising than y/n so more likely to gain responses

Question 23

What are the weaknesses of rating scale, likert scale and semantic differential scale

Answer 23

• its subjective as people interpret rating and terms differently
  -people might not understand the terminology of semantic differential scales

Question 24

What is an open question and what type of data does it collect

Answer 24

A question that invites a respondent to reply in any way that they want
It collects qualitative data

Question 25

What is a strength of open questions

Answer 25

+ can collect qualitative data… much more insight can be obtained + respondent can express themselves freely … may reveal something unanticipated which may be useful when analysing the behaviours or attitudes

Question 26

What are the weakness of open questions

Answer 26

- qualitative data … difficult to analyse and make comparisons between participants -participants might get bored as requires more thought and effort to complete than a closed question

Question 27

What are the ethically consideration. Should be taken into consideration when creating a questionnaire

Answer 27

They are anonymous and therefore confidential (this should be stated at the beginning of the questionnaire). This also means that only submitted participants lose there right to withdraw. There should be a full debrief where they are given access to any help they might need.

Question 28

How do increase the validity of the results

Answer 28

When writing the questions insure that they stay really close to the aim of the study

Question 29

How does evaluation apprehension decrease the validity of the results and how does a questionnaire reduce the risk of this

Answer 29

This is when participants are concerned about being tested which may affect results . As questionnaires are confidential so more likely to answer honestly and they are also usually anonymous

Question 30

How can a questionnaire cause social desirability bias and what can the researcher do to reduce the impact of this on the validity

Answer 30

People are likely to with hold information to make then appear in a better light so decreases the validity of the results. The research can put in filler questions so that the ppt is unaware of what is being investigated so less likely to lie to appear socially desirable

Question 31

When designing a questionnaire why should a researcher conduct a pilot study

Answer 31

- check then understanding of questions - check the clarity of questions -to ensure rating scales/ choice categories are appropriate THESE ALL INCREASE THE VALIDITY OF THE RESULTS

Question 32

How do you insure the internal reliability of the questionnaire

Answer 32

Uses repeat questions that are worded slightly differently and is the respondent gives to very different responses their data is classed as unreliable

Question 33

What is another way of testing for internal reliability

Answer 33

The split half method This is when scores from two halves of a test are compared and if the scores from the first half correlate with the scores from the second half then they are internally reliable.

Question 34

How do you test for external reliability with a questionnaire

Answer 34

Uses the test-re-test method = get the pts to complete it once and then complete it again another time. It the questions form both times they completed it correlate then the questionnaire can be said to be externally reliable

Question 35

What are the overall advantages of questionnaires

Answer 35

-they provide quantitative data that can be analysed -data from questionnaires and surveys can be used to identify and predict patterns and trends -they are quick to administer and analyse so can target large sample size

Question 36

What are the overall disadvantages of questionnaires

Answer 36

- response are often very limited and may not represent the respondents opinion or view. This could lead to respondent ticking a box that doesn’t really represent their view which could invalidate the results -cannot probe for deeper answers so can’t get the same level of insight that you would with a interview

Question 37

What is the overall advantage of self reports

Answer 37

-only method that allows you to gain access to ppts thoughts and feelings

Question 38

What is an overall disadvantage of self-reports

Answer 38

- risk of social desirability bias as ppts might want to present themselves in a positive light and therefore we can’t be sure when are measuring ppts true thoughts and feelings reducing validity of then results