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PS373 Final > Self-Regulation and Social Support > Flashcards

Self-Regulation and Social Support Flashcards

Meg

1
Q

what is social support

A
  • actions that communicate caring to partner and validate others’ thoughts, feelings or actions
  • ## facilitate coping with problems by providng info, assistance, or tangible resources
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2
Q

individuals with strong social support networks usually…

A
  • adhere better to medial regimens
  • engage in more physical activity
  • keep regualr sleep hours
  • eat more fruits and veggies
  • more likely to quit smoking
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2
Q

what is self regulation

A
  • the ability to energize one’s thoughts, feelings and actions ina goal-directed fashion
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2
Q

how do romantic partners help with our goals

A

Romantic partners - help us reach our goals

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3
Q

Drawing closer to instrumental others - study

A
  • asked to think about the goal of achieving in university and nominate:
  • one friend who is instrumental (helps you make progress towards your goals)
  • one friend who is successful, but not instrumental
  • one friend who is not instrumental
  • returned 4-5 weeks later and comleted one of two tasks
  • 1) goal prime condition - manipulated by scrambled sentence task
  • 2) control condition
    Particpants asked to indicate how close they felt to friends
    FINDINGS
  • we feel closer to others who help us with our goals
  • control group: felt qually close to all 3 friends
  • prime: feelings towards instrumental friends change, they feel closer
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4
Q

Drawing closer to instrumental others (follow up study)
what happens when we make progress or complete the goal

A
  • nominte one friend who is instrumental and one who was not
  • manipulated to feel like they were making high progress towards goals or low progress
  • completed measures of closeness

FINDINGS
- people feel closer to instrumental friends, people who will help them
- people who feel ike they are making
- for low progress and control group, instrumental friends were rated closer
- people who feel they are making progress on their goals show no significant closeness differences to instrumental/non-instrumental friends

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5
Q

THe Michelangelo Phenomenon

A
  • close others help us pursue our goals
  • help us become our ideal selves
  • reach our dreams and inspirations
    Partners sculpt us by:
  • seeing us in ideal ways
  • behaving in ways that bring out our ideal selves
  • self-fulfilling propehcy
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6
Q

the Michelangelo Phenomenon study

A
  • longitudinal studies of dating/married couples
  • ps completed measures of their ideal selves by listing four traits most important to them
  • partners rated: how much of these traits they perceived in the p, and how much they helped their partner reach their goals
  • both people rated the relationship quality
    RESULTS
  • our partners help us become the people we want to he - benefits in terms of relationship quality
  • people whose partners saw more of their ideal sevles reported making progress towards tese ideals
  • peoples whose partners helped them made more progress towards these ideals
  • receiving support for the ideal self led to improved relationship quality in both partners
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7
Q

sharing good news

A
  • when partners respnd in an active and constructive manner, can actually enhance the importance of the effect
  • can also affect relationship quality
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8
Q

Capitalization study (Gable)- 4 types

A
  • couples in the lab took turns and discussed a recent positive event with one another
  • capitalization effects fell into 4 major categories
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9
Q

capitalization categories - active-destructive

A
  • partner finds a problem with it
  • partner reinds discloser that good things have bad aspects as well
  • partner points out potential down sides of good event
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10
Q

capitalization categories - passive-destructive

A
  • partner seems like they don’t care
  • parnter doesn’t pay attention
  • partner seems uninterested in disclosures news
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11
Q

capitalization categories - active-constructive

A
  • partners react enthusiastically to news
  • partner is as exicted than discloser
  • partner asks questions and shows concern
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12
Q

capitalization categories - passive-constructive

A
  • partners try not to make a big deal of it, but are happy for discloser
  • parnter is silently supportive
  • partner is happy, but says very little
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13
Q

people whose parnters respond in a active-constructive manner…

INTRAPERSONAL

A
  • experience more positive emotions
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14
Q

Interpersonal benefits of capitalization - study - Reis

A
  • ps interacted with a confederate
  • 3 conditions
  • capitalization condition: recall most positive events and confederate responds enthusiastically
  • neutral condition: same as above but the confederate acted neutraly
  • fun condition: give ps pics from Dr. Seuss book and asked to describe to confederate and confederate re draw them
  • measured liking and closeness

FINDINGS
- 1 week after study, capitalization and fun conditions felt closer to stranger

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15
Q

FOLLOW UP STUDY - interpersonal benefits of capitalization REIS

A
  • ps promised 1 dollar
  • recalling positive events and the confederate responded in 1 of 3 ways
  • active-constructive: thats really great
  • disparaging: whats so positive about that? thats your best event?
  • neutral: no verbal or nonverbal expressions
  • ps then given 2$ instead of the 1$ they were promised
  • do ps return extra money based on confederate response
    FINDINGS
  • most likely to give back $ when receiving active constructive feedback, rarely giving back with disparaging feedback
  • moderate money return with neutral feedback
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16
Q

stress buffering hypothesis

A
  • we often experience stressors (acute or chronic) and we are unable to address them alone
  • ## social support helps us cope with these stressors and “buffers” us against the negative outcomes of stress
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17
Q

people who receive a lot of social support from theirpartners for stressful events:

A
  • more satisfied in relationships
  • experience more positive moods
  • increases self esteem
  • experience better health outcomes t
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18
Q

factsabout social support - random lol

A
  • wives are more likely to lose weight when husbands are instructed to be as uninvolved as possible (pearce)
  • individuals suffering from heart attacks recover more slowly when their partners aren’t supportive
  • people who perceive that suport is available to them often expeirence better outcomes than people who actually receive support
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19
Q

why does social support go wrong

A
  • the situation: social support processes go wrong
20
Q

law student study

A
  • daily diary of reporting on negative mood and if their partner listened to or comforted them that day, partners were also surveyed on how they helped
  • perceived support vs actual support
    FINDINGS
  • on days when partner said they gave support, examinees expeirences less negative mood - only the case if support was unnoticed
  • when partner was visibly helping, examinee felt worse
  • support that is invisible (given without being noticed) is often more effective than visible support
21
Q

Why is invisible support better

visible support often backfires becasue…

A
  • draws attention to the problem
  • makes the recipient feel like they can’t handle the problem themselves
  • is not always carried out well and may
22
Q

speech study and invisible support - Bolger

A
  • female ps led to believe they were givinig a speech, while another p (confederate) was assigned to write an essay
  • ps given a few mins to practice, and other p commented on it
  • experimenter asks confederate: Do you have any questions for me before we proceed
    VISIBLE SUPPORT CONDITION
  • confederate gives verbal support to p, telling her she is going to do great and has nothing to worry about
    INVISIBLE SUPPORT CONDITION
  • confederate asks experimenter to help him, because he says the p will do fine but he is still worried
    CONTROL CONDITION
  • doesn’t say anything about p
    DV- os rating of distress before giving speech
  • ps were least distressed wsith invisible support and most distressed with visible support
23
Q

High Maintenance interactions

A
  • people have difficulty coordinating when doing tasks with others
  • when these social interactions are difficult, they can be exhasuting and deplete mental resources for subsequent tasks
  • support giving and receiving can be high maintenance
24
Q

High Maintenance Interactions (study- Finkel)

A
  • undergrads led to believe they would be completing two tasks: one with one person and one alone
    First completed joint task:
  • p assigned role of tracker, confederate assigned role of commuicator
  • P&C sat at table that was divided by a partition
  • p given joystick
  • C could see computer with maze on it
  • c will tell p where to move in the maze

TWO CONDITIONS
low maintenance: c stuck to script and made sure p could solve maze
high maintenance: c made a series of scripted errors and become out of sync with p
ps then went to complete number of difficult GRE problems
DV-performance
- high maintenance condition should be harder

25
Q

high maintenance study RESULTS - finkel

A
  • when ps did the maze task with a c who made it easy, they solved average of 6.16 problems
  • when ps did task with a c who made i difficult, ps solved average of 4.57 problems
  • takes up mental energy when you have high maintenance interactions, less mental energy left over to solve problems
26
Q

why does social support go wrong - situation

A
  • social support processes go wrong
27
Q

why does social support go wrong - the person

A
  • individual differences in provider
  • individual differences in recipient
28
Q

social support and gender differences - married relationships

A
  • men report receiving more support than wives
  • men report receiving better support than wives
29
Q

social support x gender differences x stressful work day

A
  • wives more likely than husbands to increase their workload at home in response to partners stressful day
  • wives take on more responsibilites when husbands have hard day - put kids to bed, do dishes, cook dinner
30
Q

gender and social support for speech (Study, Kirschbaum)

A
  • ps completed Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)
  • create situation that is stressful to see how parnter is able to support them, and observe outcome of receiving that support
    PHASE 1
  • ps asked to prepare speech as a part of job interview
  • want to see if you are good at presenting yourself
  • told ps it will be evaluated by 3 expert judges
  • gives ps paper and pen to take notes but take it away when they do speech

PHASE 2
- ps give the speech and the judges observe without comment
- if does not go 5 mins, p is asked to continue
- amplify stress

PHASE 3
- testing cognitive ability
- p is asked to count backwards from 1022 in steps of 13
- if they make a mistake, they must start over

  • ps assigned to one of 3 conditions
  • no support
  • support provided by stranger
  • support provided y romantic partner
  • measure physiological markers of stress, and perceived suportivness (self report)
31
Q

RESULTS of gender and social support speechstudy - Krischbaum

A
  • in the absence of any support, men are uch more stressed than women, men have greater lvls of cortisol when they deliver the speech
  • among ps who received support from helpful stranger: men benefit, exhbit less coritsol; women don’t differ from no support conditionn
  • among ps who romantic partner offered support: men were least distressed; for women they were MOST stressed when partner is giving support
  • women find strangers slightly more supportive than partner
  • men find partner more supportive than stranger
32
Q

why are men less helpful than women

A

Skill: men are leess capable of giving effective support
responsiveness

33
Q

types of social support - emotional support

A
  • providing warmth, nurturance and reassurance, trying to make partner feel better by managing their emotions
34
Q

social support

information support

A
  • providing info that helps person understand stressful event; advice, give info that is designed to engage in diff behaviors we think will help solve problem, more focused on solving issue
35
Q

social support

instrumental support

A
  • providing tangible assistance such as services, providing what people need, giving a car to use
36
Q

do men provide more advice than women

A
  • no both are equal
37
Q

do women provide more emotional support than men

A
  • no
38
Q

gender and social support

responsiveness, men and women who understands more

A
  • men don’t understand when partners need support
39
Q

gender and social support study (neff)- when do couples show support

A
  • for 7 days, partners reported on
  • external stressors that happened to them
  • negative things their spouse did
  • supportive things their spouse did
  • no gender difference in amount of support ps reported or in the negative behavior
  • there was a gender difference in WHEN spouses provided support
  • when husbands had really stressful days, they reported wives were super supportive, responsive and increased amount of support
  • when wives had really stressful days, husbands didn’t do anything differently, they did not increase support
  • on challenging days for wives, husbands were more badly behaved
  • wives are good at detecting when husbands have difficulty
  • gender differences in responsiveness
  • about the situation, men are not sufficiently motivated or they don’t understand when to change behavior
40
Q

attachment styles and social support

A

attachment anxiety - concern about being rejected
attachment avoidance - concerns about the trustworthiness of other

41
Q

highly anxious recipient - social support

A
  • less optimistic about receiving support
  • worry partner will leave them
  • when bad things happen they don’t think partner will want to help them
  • when support is ambiguois, they make a negative attribution about this - partner doesn’t care about me and doesn’t want to help me
  • more likely to remember support as being negative, when thinking of support in the past, negative recollections of times partner was helpful
  • when you have stressful situation as anxious people, having negative interpretation makes them less likely to seek support in future
42
Q

social support - highly avoidant recipient

A
  • if you have to ask for help, you are getting close and relying, for avoidant people this is a big no no
  • more likely to hint and sulk rather than ask directly
  • direct attention away from close others
  • turn to people they are not close with for help
  • if you try to structure life in a way where you don’t rely on others, you will never create this intimacy
43
Q

social support - highly anxious provider

A
  • if you can help someone, you can make them rely on you and need you, and if they need you they won’t leave you - anxious people want that
  • in their zealous need to help partner, they behave in intrusive ways and try to control partner behavior
  • they are worrying while helping which leads them to be preccupied with their own issues, mentally distracted
  • they have high motivation to be supportive but low ability, they get in their own way
44
Q

social support - highly avoidant provider

A
  • if partner needs me they will want to get close
  • neglectful of partners support
  • not really motivated to support
  • control parnter in way that partner doesn’t have to rely on them
  • want to minimize closeness
  • they have high ability to support but low motivation
45
Q

support seeking - study - flynn- gym or phone

A
  • ps told to go outside for an hour and approach strangers and ask for one of two favors: can i borrow your phone or can you show me where the gym is?can you walk me there?
  • before doing this, asked to predcit how many people they would need to approach before people agreed to their request

Cell phone condition
- ps predicted they would have to ask 10 people
- but on average it was actually 6

Gym Condition
- predicted about 6 people
- average was 2 people

46
Q

support seeking study - gym or phone discussion

A
  • we underestimate willingness of others help
  • people are more inclined to say yes to help than we think
  • when you think about asking others for help, you think about the costs of the person trying to help, but when you are being asked you are thinking about the cost of being rude
  • when people seek support in indirect ways, partners provide worse support
47
Q

when support goes wrong and its the recipients fault

A

ps asked to think of:
- an example of how partner has helped you in the past with health and fitness goals
- an example of how their partner helped them with their career goals
- one thing they liked about partner

DV - how much time do you plan to spend pursing health and fitness goals in the coming week

48
Q

when social support goes wrong and its the recipients fault - RESULTS

A
  • people who thought about how their partner was helpful to health and fitness planned on going to the gym less
  • when we bring up helpful and supportive person we become less motivated
  • when asked about one thing they liked, they wanted to go to gym more compared to asking about gym
  • when asked about career, they wanted to go to gym more compared to asking about gym

PS373 Final (6 decks)

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