Self-Determination Theory (SDT) Flashcards
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) → Overview (4)
- developed by?
- approach to?
- highlights importance of?
- concerned with?
developed by Deci & Ryan
- approach to human motivation & personality
- highlights importance of evolved inner resources for personality development & behavioral self-regulation
- concerned with supporting our natural tendencies to behave in effective & healthy ways
SDT → Main Assumption
people are active organisms with evolved tendencies toward growing, mastering ambient challenges & integrating new experiences into a coherent sense of self
(3) Needs
- importance?
3 basic psychological needs →essential for facilitating optimal functioning & growth
1) Relatedness
2) Autonomy
3) Competence
SDT is not only concerned with the nature of positive developmental tendencies but also…
examines social environments that prevent the 3 basic psychological needs, thus hindering self-motivation, social functioning & well-being
Motivation (3)
- concerns energy, direction, persistence, activation & intention
- at core of biological, cognitive & social regulation → ∴ central issue to psychology
- varies in level & orientation
Orientation of Motivation
Type of Motivation
- concerned with underlying attitudes & goals that give rise to action
Types of Motivation (2)
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Intrinsic Motivation
doing an activity for its’ inherent satisfaction rather than some separable consequence
moved to act for fun or challenge involved rather than because of external pressures/rewards
Intrinsic Motivation
- Why is this natural motivational tendency a critical element in cognitive, social & physical development?
growth in knowledge & skills occur through acting on one’s inherent interests
→ results in high-quality learning & creativity
Intrinsic Motivation
- features/characteristics
- definitions
can be intrinsically motivated for some activities but not others
many different definitions
- Skinner (operant theory) vs. Hull (learning theory)
Intrinsically Motivated Activities → Definitions
- Skinner vs. Hull
Skinner → Operant Theory
- rewards motivate behaviors
-
activity = reward
- reward is in activity itself
Hull → Learning Theory
- physiological drives motivate behaviors
- activities that satisfy innate psychological needs
Intrinsic Motivation → Operational Definition
“free choice” measure = behavioral measure of intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic Motivation & Modern SDT
Modern SDT focuses primarily on psychological needs…
but acknowledges that people will be intrinsically motivated only for activities that hold intrinsic interest or have appeal of novelty, challenge or aesthetic value
Extrinsic Motivation
performance of an activity in order to attain some seperable outcome
SDT proposes:
- various types of Extrinsic Motivation (4)
a) External Regulation
b) Introjected Regulation
c) Regulation through Identification
d) Integrated Regulation
a) External Regulation
→ least autonomous
behaviors performed to satisfy external demand or reward contigency
a) External Regulation
i. Percieved Locus of Causality
ii. Relevant Regulatory Processes
i) external
ii) compliance, external rewards/punishments
b) Introjected Regulation
involves taking in regulation but not fully accepting it as one’s own
behaviors performed to avoid guilt/anxiety or attain ego enhancements
b) Introjected Regulation
i. Percieved Locus of Causality
ii. Relevant Regulatory Processes
i) somewhat external
ii) self-control
ego-involvement
internal rewards/punishments
c) Identified Regulation
(Regulation through Identification)
Identification → reflects conscious valuing of behavioral goal/regulation such that it is accepted/owned as personally important
- actions are integrated into sense of self*
- ex) exercise may not be enjoyable but seen as good for overall health & wellbeing*
c) Regulation Through Identification
i. Percieved Locus of Causality
ii. Relevant Regulatory Processes
i) somewhat internal
ii) conscious valuing of activity
personal importance, self-endorsement
d) Integrated Regulation
most autonomous
fully assimilated to self
- evaluated & brought into congruence with other values/needs
Integration = process by which regulation is more fully transformed into one’s own so it emanates from sense of self
d) Integrated Regulation
i. Percieved Locus of Causality
ii. Relevant Regulatory Processes
i) internal
ii) congruence
awareness
synthesis with self
Amotivation
- results from?
state of lacking intention to act
results from:
- not valuing activity
- percieved lack of:
- competance
- desirable outcome
6 Mini-Theories
- developed to?
- each addresses?
developed to explain set of motivationally based phenomena that emerged from research
each addresses one facet of motivation or personality functioning
(6) Sub-Theories
1) Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)
2) Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)
3) Causality Orientations Theory (COT)
4) Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT)
5) Goals Contents Theory (GCT)
6) Relationship Motivation Theory (RMT)
1) Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)
aimed at specifying factors that explain variability in IM
SDT framed in terms of social & environmental factors that facilitate vs. undermine IM
- reflects assumption that IM will flourish if circumstances permit
→ focuses on needs for competence & autonomy
1) Cognitive Evaluation Theory
* (2) main arguments
a) social-contextual events that promote feelings of competence during action can enhance IM for that action
* feedback, communications, rewards
b) Feelings of competence must be accompanied by sense of autonomy (internal perceived locus of causality) to enhance IM
2) Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)
details types of extrinsic motivation & contextual factors that promote/hinder internalization & integration of regulation for behaviors
→ supports autonomy & relatedness as critical to internalization
- more likely with supports for relatedness
3) Causality Orientations Theory (COT)
describes personal differences in tendencies to orient toward environments & regulate behavior in various ways
- (3) types of causality orientations
3) Causality Orientations Theory (COT)
a) Autonomy Orientation
acting out of interest in & valuing of what is occuring
- involves high degree of experienced choice regarding initiation & regulation of behavior
results from satisfaction of 3 basic needs
3) Causality Orientations Theory (COT)
b) Control Orientation
focus on rewards/gains/approval
- extrinsic rewards play larger role in determining behavior
internal or external (environmental) controls
seek, select or interpret events as controlling
- tend to do things b/c they think they “should”
results from satisfaction of competence & relatedness but not autonomy
3) Causality Orientations Theory (COT)
c) Impersonal/Amotivated Orientation
experience behavior as beyond their intentional control
- believe initiation & regulation of behavior by impersonal factors rather than personal intentions
characterized by anxiety concerning competence
- percieved inability to regulate behavior in a way that will lead to desired outcomes
4) Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT)
argues that psychological wellbeing & optimal functioning is based on 3 basic needs (autonomy, competence&relatedness)
- contexts that support vs. hinder needs impact wellness
all 3 needs are essential
- distinct functional costs if any are thwarted
5) Goals Contents Theory (GCT)
grows out of distinction between intrinsic & extrinsic goals & their impact on motivation & wellness
- some goals more likely to promote wellbeing than others
Intrinsic Goals →foster 3 basic needs
- related to community support, personal growth & forming close relationships
Extrinsic Goals → ↑ likelihood of ↓ well-being
- related to wealth, reputation etc.
6) Relationship Motivation Theory (RMT)
concerned with relatedness, which involves development/maintenance of close personal relationships
proposes that some social interaction is not only desirable but essential for adjustment & wellbeing since it satisfies need for relatedness
→ IM more likely to flourish in contexts characterized by sense of secuirty & relatedness
How are Self-Regulated Behaviors initiated & regulated?
By choice based on awareness of one’s needs & integrated goals
→ external/internal source of info are used to decide behavior in anticipation of achieving goals & satisfying needs
How do Externally Motivated Actions become self-determined?
as individuals identify with & fully assimilate their regulation
Effect of Environment on Motivation & Behavioral Regulation
Indirect effect
→ occurs as a result of support for & satisfaction of 3 universal psychological needs
Since the effect of environment on motivation & behavioral regulation is indirect & mediated through support for & satisfaction of 3 needs….
The most important social environmental factors within an SDT-based motivational climate involve?
the degree of“need-supportiveness”
- extent to which others & environment support vs. thwart these needs
- objectively & percieved
SDT → Intervention Techniques
developed & implemented to satisfy 3 basic psychological needs
- thus, fostering process of internalization
- active transformation**of**controlled regulation**into more autonomous forms of**self-regulation
- leads to:
- increased integration of regulation into one’s personality
- positive behavior change
(3) Key Components of “Need-Support”
i) Autonomy support
ii) Structure → support for competence
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness
Key Components of “Need Support”
i) Autonomy support
* involves? (4)
Relevance
Respect
Choice
Avoidance of Control
Key Components of “Need Support”
i) Autonomy support
* Relevance
by providing clear & meaningful rationale for activities, facilitating self-endorsement
Key Components of “Need Support”
i) Autonomy support
* Respect
by acknowledging importance of client’s perspective, feelings & agenda
Key Components of “Need Support”
i) Autonomy support
* Choice (2)
by:
- encouraging clients to follow their interest
- providing options when possible
Key Components of “Need Support”
i) Autonomy support
* Avoidance of Control
by NOT using coercive, authoritarian or guilt-inducing language/methods
Key Components of “Need Support”
ii) Structure → support for competence (4)
Clarity of Expectations
Optimal Challenge
Feedback
Provision of Instrumental & Practical Skills Training, Guidance & Support
ii) Structure → Support for Competence
Clarity of Expectations (2)
collaboratively setting realistic goals
discussing expectations & what not to expect from behavior-linked outcomes
ii) Structure → Support for Competence
Optimal Challenge
by adapting strategies & goals to individual’s skills
ii) Structure → Support for Competence
Feedback
offering clear & relevant informational feedback in a non-judgemental manner
ii) Structure → Support for Competence
Provision of Instrumental & Practical Skills Training, Guidance & Support
providing training, guidance & support for instrumental & practical skills
Key Components of “Need Support”
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness (5)
Empathy
Affection
Attunement
Dedication of Resources
Dependability
Key Components of “Need Support”
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness
Empathy
by attempting to view situation through client’s perspective
Key Components of “Need Support”
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness
Affection
by displaying genuine appreciation & concern for individual
Key Components of “Need Support”
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness
Attunement
by paying careful attention to & gathering knowledge about person
Key Components of “Need Support”
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness
Dedication of Resources
by volunteering time & energy
Key Components of “Need Support”
iii) Involvement → support for relatedness
Dependability
by being available in case of need
SDT Scales → Learning Climate Questionnaire
SDT uses concept of autonomy support vs. control to characterize quality of social environments
SDT scales → concerned with degree to which individual(s) percieve people in positions of authority to be autonomy supportive
-
Climate Questionnaires → 4 types
- HC
- Learning
- Work
- Sport
