Health Belief Model Flashcards
Health Belief Model (HBM)
→ HISTORY
→ influenced & developed by?
50’s → US public health researchers began developing psychological models to enhance effectiveness of health education programs
influenced by theories of Kurt Lewin
- stated that world of perciever determines what they will & won’t do
developed by Rosenstack in 1966
- attributed it to Hochbaum’s research studies of uptake of TB x-ray screening
HBM
- example of?
- used to?
example of cognition model that examines predictors/precursors to health behavior
used to explain & predict preventative health behavior, sick-role & illness behavior
HBM
- description of model
Value Expectancy Theory
→ attempts to predict health-related behaviors in terms of belief patterns
→ motivation to undertake health behavior → 3 main categories
HBM → Value Expectancy Theory
- explain
desire to avoid illness or get well (value) & belief that specific health action available would prevent illness (expectation)
→ people will take action to prevent/screen for/control ill-health conditions IF they:
- regard themselves as susceptible to condition
- believe it has potentially serious consequences
- believe available action is beneficial in ↓ susceptibility/severity
- believe anticipated benefits outweigh barriers of taking action
HBM → Description of Model
Motivation to undertake health behavior divided into (3) main categories
1) Individual perceptions
2) Modifying behaviors
3) Likelihood of action
Motivation to undertake health behavior:
1) Individual perceptions
perceived susceptibility & severity
Motivation to undertake health behavior:
2) Modifying behaviors
demographic information
cues to action
percieved threat
Motivation to undertake health behavior:
3) Likelihood of action
chances that individual will take recommended preventative health action
Exploring Concept of Beliefs
- definition
- influenced by?
- function of?
perception IS reality
Beliefs = enduring individual characteristics that shape behavior & can be acquired through primary socialization → (link b/w behavior & socialization)
-
modifiable & can differ b/w individuals from same background
- influenced by intrapersonal factors affecting health behavior
HBM → (2) core concepts
HBM focuses on 2 aspects of individual’s representation of health & health behavior:
1) Threat Perception
2) Behavioral Evaluation
HBM → Core Concepts
(1) Threat Perception
(2) Behavioral Evaluation
→ further broken down into (4) constructs
1) Percieved Susceptibility
2) Percieved Severity
3) Percieved Barriers
4) Percieved Benefits
HBM → Core Concepts → Threat Perception
1) Percieved Susceptibility
- 2 additional points
individual’s subjective assessment of risk of contracting condition
- exists on continuum
- extreme (denial) → moderate (admits probability) → extreme (hypochondriac)
- important to get background information since certain popns are at higher risk
HBM → Core Concepts → Threat Perception
2) Perceived Severity/Seriousness
- effect/predictor?
individual’s assessment of seriousness of condition & potential consequences
- includes evaluations of medical & clinical consequences (death vs. disability)
- possible social consequences
→ only moderate effect on preventative health behavior but 2nd powerful predictor of sick-role behavior
HBM → Core Concepts → Behavioral Evaluation
3) Percieved Barriers
individual’s assessment of influences that discourage adoption of promoted behavior
- belief about tangible & psychological costs of advised action
HBM → Core Concepts → Behavioral Evaluation
4) Percieved Benefits
* important role in?
individual’s assessment of positive consequences of adopting behavior
- opinion of value/usefulness of new behavior in ↓ risk of disease
- additional factors include non-health related benefits
play important role in adoption of secondary prevention behaviors
Perceived Threat
results from perception of susceptibility combined with severity/seriousness
- strong cognitive component & partly dependant on knowledge
(2) other important constructs
1) Cues to Action
2) Self-efficacy
1) Cues to Action
events/people/things that move people to change behavior
- strategies to activate readiness & stimulate behavior
can be:
→ Internal
→ External
1) Cues to Action
→ Internal vs. External
- provide examples
Internal Cue
- smoker coughing after light physical exertion
External Cue
- warning label of cigarette package
2) Self-efficacy
Belief in one’s own ability to do something
- added to original 4 beliefs in 1988
Relative Importance/Significance of 4 Beliefs in Changing Behavior
Barriers > Susceptibility > Benefits > Severity
Other variables to consider (3)
a) Demographic
b) Sociopsychological
c) Structural
a) Demographic
* (4)
Age
Sex
Race
Ethnicity
b) Sociopsychological
* (3)
personality
social class (SES)
peer/reference group pressure
c) Structural
* (2)
knowledge about disease
prior contact with disease
Application of:
1) Perceived Susceptibility
(4)
- define at-risk population(s)
- risk levels
- personalize risk based on individual’s features/behavior
- heighten if too low
Application of:
2) Perceived Severity/Seriousness
specify consequences of risk & condition
Application of:
3) Perceived Benefits
(2)
-
define action to take
- how
- where
- when
- clarify expected positive effects
Application of:
4) Perceived Barriers
-
identify & reduce barriers through:
- Reassurance
- incentives
- Assistance
Application of:
5) Cues to Action
(3)
- provide how-to information
- promote awareness
- reminders
Application of:
6) Self-Efficacy
(2)
- provide training
- guidance in performing action
Interventions → Cost-Benefit Analysis
standard tool used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy when people are weighing pros/cons of change
aka decisional balance sheet
Most people have developed/learned health habits they will fall back on later in life by age…?
11 or 12
Behavior is function of (2)
subjective value of outcome
subjective expectation that particular action will achieve outcome
