Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)

Question 1

Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)

• Overview

Answer 1

Stages model

• many different versions of theory
• different names for same constructs

proposes at least 2 distinct phases/stages:

(1) Motivation phase (pre-intentional)
(2) Volition phase (self-regulatory or action)

Question 2

HAPA

• (2) distinct phases

Answer 2

1) Motivation phase → pre-intentional
2) Volition phase → self-regulatory or action

Question 3

1) Motivation phase → pre-intentional

• (3) variables directly influence intentions (goals)
  
  • model suggests?

Answer 3

a) Risk Perception
b) Outcome Expectancies
c) Self-Efficacy

→ suggests a causal order among these 3 predictors

Question 4

1) Motivation Phase

• describes?
• most important factor(s)
  
  • Explain
• What closes this phase?

Answer 4

describes what people choose to do

ruled more by SE than OE

• quality of action plans depend on perceived SE (competance/experience)

forming explicit behavioral intention (goal) closes this phase

• without explicit intentions, changes in habitual behaviors are unlikely to occur

Question 5

1) Motivation phase → pre-intentional
* Individuals form intention (goals) to?

Answer 5

Individuals form an intention to either..

• adopt a precautionary measure

​OR

• change risk behavior

Question 6

HAPA Model

• suggests a causal order among the 3 predictors of intentions (goals) → EXPLAIN

Answer 6

threat (risk perception) is distal antecedant that…

→ helps stimulate outcome expectancies

→ which further stimulates self-efficacy

• people who have higher risk perceptions will consequently develop more favorable OE & thus develop a higher level of SE*
• ↑ Risk perceptions → ↑ OE → ↑ SE*

Question 7

2) Volition Phase → Self-regulatory/Action
* subdivided into (3) phases

Answer 7

descriptions of this phase focus on cognitions involved in initiating & controlling action

a) Planning
b) Initiation
c) Maintenance

Question 8

Self-Efficacy → Significance to HAPA

Answer 8

regarded as having a key role in ALL phases

• leads to notion of “phase-specific” SE

Question 9

HAPA → Main Assertion

Answer 9

The adoption, initiation & maintenance of health behaviours must be explicitly conceived as a process that consists of at least a motivation phase & a volition phase

Question 10

Self-Efficacy & Outcome Expectancies

• significance
  
  • Explain

Answer 10

viewed as major predictors of intentions

OE

• positive & negative OE are deliberated & balanced
• ↑ percieved beneficial OE → ↑ inclination to change behavior

SE

• lack of belief in capability to perform desired action → failure to adopt, initiate & maintain it

Question 11

Persuasive Communications

Answer 11

message must be framed in way that allows individuals to draw on coping resources & exercise skills to control health threats

focus on self-perceptions of personal coping abilities to manage effective precautionary strategies

minimum level of threat must exist before ppl start contemplating benefits of possible actions (OE) & competance to perform (SE)

Question 12

2) Volition Phase

• describes?
• covers which processes?

Answer 12

describes attempted effort (how hard they try) & how long they persist

covers processes of implementing intentions into actual behaviors

→ initiation, maintenance & recovery

• once intention to change behavior is formed, change must be planned/initiated, maintained & relapse managed

Question 13

What plays important role in Volition Phase?

Answer 13

Self-regulatory Processes

• the focus of this phase

Question 14

Self-regulatory Processes

Answer 14

cognitions that instigate, control & maintain action

Question 15

Volition Phase

→ Self-Regulatory Cognitions that control & maintain behavior must be activated when?

Answer 15

when action has been initiated

• action must be protected from old habits, situational barriers & distracting secondary action tendencies

Question 16

Metacognition

Answer 16

high-order thinking, which involves active control over cognitive processes engaged in learning

• activities such as planning approach, monitoring comprehension & evaluating progress

Question 17

Higher Order Thinking

Answer 17

involves learning of complex judgmental skills

• critical thinking

Question 18

Risk Perception

→ Significance

Answer 18

serves predominantly to set stage for contemplation process early in motivation phase

Question 19

Outcome Expectancies

• define
• evaluation
• significance

Answer 19

subjective beliefs about contingencies of behavior with subsequent consequences

→ evaluated with regards to favorableness for individual

• positive/negative

important in motivation phase when individuals balance pros/cons of certain behaviors

Question 20

Behavioral Intentions

Answer 20

explicit decisions to act in certain way

• comprise motivation towards goal in terms of direction & intensity

Question 21

Important Concepts (7)

Answer 21

Risk Perception

Outcome Expectancies

Task SE

Behavioral Intention

Volitional SE (phase-specific)

Coping SE

Recovery SE

Question 22

Task SE

Answer 22

perceived capability to implement certain behavior

• facilitates goal-setting
• barriers must be identified during this stage

Question 23

Volitional Self-Efficacy (Phase Specific)

• predictor of? (2)

Answer 23

Volitional SE & intentions = crucial predictors of action planning

important predictor of health behavior change

Question 24

Volitional Self-Efficacy (Phase Specific)

• subdivisions (2)

Answer 24

subdivided into:

• coping (maintenance) SE
• recovery SE

Question 25

Coping SE

Answer 25

describes optimistic beliefs about one’s capability to deal with barriers that arise during maintenance process

Question 26

Recovery SE

Answer 26

• one’s conviction to get back on track after being derailed*
• trust in one’s competence to regain control after a setback/failure