self-control

Question 1

what is self-control?

Answer 1

those behaviors that a person deliberately undertakes to achieve self-selected outcomes.

Question 2

what is another way to describe self-control?

Answer 2

engaging in a controlled behavior to obtain a controlled response.

Question 3

what are self-administered interventions?

Answer 3

focuses on operations a bit more, i.e., what clients actually do and what they can be trained to do to alter, influence, and guide their own behavior.

Question 4

what do many self-control techniques in everyday life involve?

Answer 4

having individuals perform one behavior (a controlling response) to alter the probability of another behavior (a controlled response).

Question 5

what is important to remember about self-administered interventions?

Answer 5

programs vary in the degree to which clients exert control over the contingencies and over the administration of reinforcing or punishing consequences.

Question 6

how does self-control in early life play a role?

Answer 6

lower levels of self-control early in life predicted high levels of alcohol and drug problems, financial disadvantage (e.g., fewer home ownerships, more credit problems), higher rates of raising children in single-parent families, and higher rates of conviction of crime.

Question 7

why is self-control of interest?

Answer 7

• intervention techniques that involve the individual may increase the range of applications beyond those available by others who deliver treatment
• some of the problems for which people seek therapy occur in everyday situations that are not readily accessible to or observed by therapists or physicians (like overeating, arguments)

Question 8

what are coverants?

Answer 8

covert or private events such as thoughts and images.

Question 9

what are the unmet needs of mental health in the U.S.?

Answer 9

70% of the people in need of psychological services do not receive them.

Question 10

why might self-administered interventions help people with mental health issues?

Answer 10

they can help to reach and serve many more people, especially now that there are such interventions with strong evidence on their behalf.

Question 11

how is the health of the nation related to self-administered interventions?

Answer 11

simple activities in everyday life that a person might be able to control can make a huge difference in health (the amount of walking one does can reduce their risk for diabetes).

Question 12

what is the goal of many interventions?

Answer 12

to help individuals enter into situations in which they are as independent as possible.

Question 13

what is the most frequent focus of self-administered interventions in applied behavior analysis?

Answer 13

educational settings.

Question 14

are procedures often used alone or together?

Answer 14

together.

Question 15

what is self-monitoring/self-observation?

Answer 15

ystematically observing one’s own behavior over time, i.e., on several occasions in an ongoing fashion.

Question 16

what does self-monitoring/self-observation usually use?

Answer 16

requires the individual to track behavior using some form, sheet, card, or checklist at the student’s desk to facilitate assessment.

Question 17

where is a majority of self-monitoring/self-observation done at?

Answer 17

in educational settings to reduce problem behaviors
(often used with youth with various deficits and sources of dysfunction).

Question 18

what is self-monitoring/self-observation sometimes reinforced with?

Answer 18

praise, points, or other rewards.

Question 19

what is self-reinforcement?

Answer 19

clients are trained to administer consequences to themselves contingent upon behavior rather than receiving consequences from an external agent.

Question 20

what is a major requirement of self-reinforcement?

Answer 20

the individuals are free to provide a reward to themselves at any time, whether or not a particular response is performed.

Question 21

when is self-reinforcement best achieved?

Answer 21

when the client self-determines and self-administers the reinforcers.

Question 22

what is self-determined reinforcement?

Answer 22

the client determines the criteria for reinforcement.

Question 23

what is self-administered reinforcement?

Answer 23

the client administers reinforcers to himself or herself.

Question 24

what is self-recruited reinforcement?

Answer 24

• a procedure in which individuals prompt others to evaluate their behaviors and provide attention or praise for that performance
• client is still in control

Question 25

where has self-recruited reinforcement most been used?

Answer 25

in regular and special education classrooms.

Question 26

what is important to remember about self-punishment?

Answer 26

used infrequently in educational as well as other setting and if they are used, they usually incorporate positive reinforcement.

Question 27

what are the benefits of self-administered interventions?

Answer 27

individuals may adhere better to the program if they have an active participatory role.

Question 28

what is self-assessment?

Answer 28

single-occasion rather than continuous or ongoing assessment.

Question 29

what is important to remember about self-assessment?

Answer 29

the assessment may not change the target focus of interest (e.g., depression, anxiety) yet the information that people learn from assessing their own functioning may increase the likelihood that they seek professional treatment.

Question 30

what is a critical issue in relation to self-assessment and web information?

Answer 30

there is no quality control for the information.

Question 31

what is another issue relating to self-assessment and web information?

Answer 31

information can be unnecessarily alarming.

Question 32

what is stimulus control?

Answer 32

behaviors are performed in the presence of specific stimuli and eventually, the stimuli regularly associated with a behavior serve as cues (SD) and increase the probability that the behavior will be performed.

Question 33

behaviors people want to change often have what?

Answer 33

strong stimulus control.

Question 34

what does the use of stimulus control usually require a therapist to do?

Answer 34

they must consult with the client to explain how stimulus control operates and to help the client identify events that control or fail to control his or her behavior.

Question 35

what are three related types of behavioral problems that may result from maladaptive stimulus control?

Answer 35

• some behaviors are under the control of stimuli that the client wishes to change (like smoking that is cued by having a morning coffee, because of this association a person is more likely to smoke)
• some behaviors are not controlled by particular stimuli when such control would be desirable (like with students who have a problem studying, they often have no environment that they associate with studying)
• some behaviors are under the control of inappropriate stimuli

Question 36

what is alternative response training?

Answer 36

training a person to engage in responses that interfere with or replace an undesired response.

Question 37

what is the most common use for alternative response training?

Answer 37

he control of anxiety with relaxation training.

Question 38

what is biofeedback?

Answer 38

a number of intervention techniques that are designed to alter physiological processes (e.g., heart rate, brainwave activity) through training.

Question 39

what is the goal of many biofeedback procedures?

Answer 39

to teach clients specific techniques for regulating their own responses in the natural environment.

Question 40

what is often just as effective as biofeedback?

Answer 40

relaxation training and it has been more easily implemented because no equipment is required and hence it more readily extends to the natural environment.

Question 41

what are self-help manuals or bibliotherapy?

Answer 41

written materials (e.g., books and pamphlets) used to address a variety of clinical problems.

Question 42

what are the three main uses for self-help resources?

Answer 42

• they can serve as the main intervention that directly helps people
• they can serve as a first step for individuals interested in treatment
• can be used as a supplement to treatment

Question 43

what is an issue with self-help resources?

Answer 43

selecting an evidence-based self-help resource is sorting through the mass of options.

Question 44

what is a limitation of self-control procedures?

Answer 44

they are not used very much in applied settings such as the classroom or at home because self-administration is less likely to be rigorously carried out as procedures that are externally administered.

Question 45

in what area are self-control procedures usually used?

Answer 45

in the context of treatment for clinical problems (e.g., anxiety, depression.

Question 46

what is a main caveat with self-help resources?

Answer 46

caveat with self-help resources.

Question 47

what are ways to reduce stress?

Answer 47

• schedule your time
• prepare yourself
• relax with deep breathing
• relax your muscles
• get active
• eat healthy
• drink alcohol only in moderation
• talk to friends
• get help if needed