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behavioral analysis > functional behavioral assessment > Flashcards

functional behavioral assessment Flashcards

1
Q

what is functional behavioral assessment (FBA)?

A
  • a way of identifying relations among antecedents, behaviors, and consequences and using this information to develop effective interventions
  • basically looks at the purposes of a behavior to assess it for interventions
  • very personalized
  • does not need to be done for every person
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2
Q

what does FBA only look at?

A

current causes of behavior.

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3
Q

what is maintaining contingency?

A

focuses on the factors that lead to maintenance of the behavior.

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4
Q

what are social consequences?

A
  • attention, statements of concern, reprimands, a sympathetic look, or any other attentive response that is provided after the problem or disruptive behavior
  • explored to see if they are positive reinforcers
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5
Q

what is escape or avoidance?

A
  • engaging in a problem or disruptive behavior terminates (or escapes from) an aversive event or situation
  • the aversive event often is something as seemingly innocuous as asking the individual to work on or engage in some task
  • when the task demand is made (e.g., do that, help me with this, talk to me) the person engages in the problem behavior and that task demand is terminated. - termination of an event that increases the likelihood of the behavior is negative reinforcement
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6
Q

what is automatic reinforcement?

A
  • consequences that appear to be inherent in performance of the behavior
  • consequences associated with engaging in the behaviors that are not controlled by the environment
  • can be positive (e.g., as in the aggressive behavior stimulating one’s reward centers in the brain) but also can be negative
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7
Q

what is tangible reinforcement?

A
  • specific nonsocial reinforcers such as access to items or preferred activities
  • engaging in the problem behavior leads to obtaining some positive reinforcer in the environment
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8
Q

what does FBA always start with?

A

collecting information designed to describe and identify patterns among antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.

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9
Q

what are the steps in the FBA process?

A
  • collecting information
  • making hypotheses
  • testing hypotheses
  • looking for support from the data that was collected
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10
Q

what is functional analysis?

A
  • testing directly and through experimental manipulation precisely what consequences control behavior
  • controlling variables so precisely so that you can say with confidence that a certain consequence is reinforcing behavior
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11
Q

what are FBA indirect methods?

A

measures that ask individuals in contact with the client to report on the relations of antecedents and consequences to the behavior of a client.

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12
Q

what are FBA direct methods?

A

those measures based on observation of the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences by systematically looking at what the client actually does.

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13
Q

what are the strengths of FBA?

A

verbal reports are easy.

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14
Q

what are the limitations of FBA?

A
  • concern with interviews and questionnaires is that it is a report of what behavior happens, not a direct observation. human memory is not always correct so we are not fully sure if what is being reported is accurate
  • indirect reports are not a substitute for direct observation although direct observation is not always an option
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15
Q

what are naturalistic observations?

A

observing the individual’s behavior in the settings in which the individual usually functions (classroom, home).

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16
Q

what are laboratory analogs?

A

contrived non-naturalistic situations that are set up to observe the behavior and its possible functions.

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17
Q

what is a functional assessment observation form?

A
  • allows one to enter the behavior(s) of interest as well as any special setting events, functions, and consequences that might be relevant
  • the client is observed during various time periods and then whatever happens in a given interval is checked off on the form
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18
Q

what is the preferred way of starting an intervention?

A

using FBA.

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19
Q

what is FBA based on?

A

data.

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20
Q

what are the limitations of FBA?

A
  • can be difficult to identify the antecedents and consequences that support and maintain the behavior
  • behavior be occurring at a low rate or maybe there is many functions that lead to a behavior
  • behavior may look different in an analog setting than a naturalistic one
  • intrinsic reinforcement: overtime, behaviors seem to be performed for less easily identified antecedents and consequences
  • just because we can identify causes of behavior does not mean we can change them
  • conducting FBA is not always feasible in applied settings
  • behavior may be dangerous and FBA may not always identify the functions that are operating
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21
Q

what are the three types of baseline trends?

A

ascending trend, descending trend, and level.

22
Q

what baseline is most preferred?

A

level baselines.

23
Q

what happens if behavior is decreasing in baseline when that is the goal of the treatment?

A

introduce the variable when the behavior is increasing.

24
Q

what is a jump up trend?

A

when data increases sharply.

25
Q

what is a jump down trend?

A

when data decreases sharply.

26
Q

when should you only introduce a treatment if baseline data is already going towards a desired direction?

A

if you are against a hard deadline or you need to introduce the treatment fast because the behavior is dangerous.

27
Q

when do you insert a treatment with a trend?

A

if the effect size you need to solve the problem is far greater than the trend in the data or if you suspect the effect size will produce far greater results than a trend in the data

28
Q

what is variability?

A
  • the size and distribution of peaks and dips in data
  • stable data show little variation
  • unstable data shows wide fluctuations
29
Q

what is the stability level effect size detection rule?

A

the greater the stability of the data the smaller the effect size you can detect.

30
Q

what is the treatment effect size baseline stability rule?

A

based off of the stability level effect size detection rule and claims that the more powerful the independent variable the less stable the baseline needs to be.

31
Q

what does it mean if data occupies two levels?

A

there is a powerful variable in place sometimes and not in others.

32
Q

what does a gradual improvement show?

A

learning.

33
Q

what does a sudden change in level followed by gradual improvement mean?

A

shows the effect of motivating operation followed by learning.

34
Q

what are the causes of an outlier?

A
  • could be a short-lasting variable, but if it is a negative change and happens again, it could be a problem
  • could be a potential treatment if it is a positive change
  • a major problem if it occurs before a treatment is introduced
35
Q

how do you evaluate it a treatment worked?

A
  • see if the baseline does not have a trend or level change that predicts treatment levels
  • see if there is little to no overlap between baseline and treatment
  • ask if the treatment effect occurs when the treatment is introduced rather than much later
36
Q

what are signs that other effects outside of a treatment are going on?

A
  • the baseline data is unstable
  • baseline data has data points high and low with nothing in between
  • frequent outlier
  • treatment increases in steps
37
Q

how do you get better treatment results?

A
  • control powerful sources of variability and use them to better your treatment
  • intensify treatment when results are not as good as you need
38
Q

where is FBA most used?

A

in the contexts of eliminating self-injurious behaviors among individuals with developmental disabilities and autism.

39
Q

what is the FBA questions about behavioral functions?

A
  • focuses on people with developmental disabilities
  • asks 25 questions on a 4-point scale
  • the questions examine different functions or consequences that are likely to follow the particular behavior that is the focus
  • looks at 5 functions: attention, escape from the task or situation, nonsocial, physical consequences, and tangible consequences (e.g., gets access to toys, food, or engages in the behavior when something is taken away)
  • scores in each function are used to make a hypothesis about the purpose of a behavior
40
Q

what is the FBA motivation assessment scale?

A
  • has 16 items each rated on a 7 point scale
  • includes frequently studied functions
41
Q

what does most functional analysis focus on?

A

self injurious behavior.

42
Q

how is FBA used in educational settings?

A
  • the individuals with disabilities education act I(DEA) specifies that FBA at schools where students are at risk for suspension and expulsion
  • FBA must be used in situations where students have a disability or misconduct issues
  • school based applications for reinforcement techniques have been used since the 1960s
  • FBA tends to be more effective than punishments like suspension
43
Q

what are the strengths of FBA?

A
  • more likely to develop an effective intervention
  • allows for more personalized interventions
  • addresses the complexities of behavior
  • can suggest specific antecedent conditions that promote or give rise to the behavior
  • draws attention to consequences already in the situation that may be operating to maintain the behavior
  • can point out ineffective reinforcements
  • provides an empirical way of evaluating controlling influences and then using the information to develop an individualized intervention
44
Q

why is it best to treat a behavior when it is the weakest?

A

it may be easier to treat.

45
Q

what is a structural analysis of behavior?

A

examining when, where, and in the presence of whom, and situations associated with a behavior.

46
Q

what are the steps of functional analysis?

A
  1. perform an ABC analysis to determine the antecedents and consequences associated with the behavior
  2. interview people who are familiar with the problem
  3. once you think you know what is causing the behavior, perform an experimental analysis of the problem behavior using behavioral analysis fast acting research design. probably best to test multiple hunches
47
Q

do behaviors have more than one function?

A

maybe, especially depending on different situations in the presence of different people.

48
Q

what are the most common experimental designs?

A
  • the multi-element design
  • ABAB designs with rapid reversals
49
Q

what are the types of FBA approaches?

A
  • vary suspected MO with high attention and low attention, difficult vs. easy work
  • reinforcement vs. extinction for each potential function
  • reinforcement of one behavior vs. reinforcement of the absence of a behavior (DRO or omission training)
  • reinforcement of one behavior or incompatible behavior
50
Q

what was the function of roy’s behavior?

A

self-injury served the function of allowing Roy to escape from activities.

51
Q

what was the function of kathy’s behavior?

A

fighting served as an occasion to have private time with the mother.

behavioral analysis (7 decks)

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