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behavioral analysis > extinction > Flashcards

extinction Flashcards

1
Q

what is extinction?

A

withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response.

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2
Q

what is extinction mainly used for?

A

to eliminate the connection between the behavior and the consequences that follow.

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3
Q

what happens to a response undergoing extinction?

A

it eventually decreases in frequency until it returns to its pre-reinforcement level or is eliminated.

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4
Q

what are some types of reinforcement for behaviors?

A
  • attention
  • escape
  • avoidance
  • automatic/self-stimulatory
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5
Q

how many sources of reinforcement can there be?

A

there can be many.

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6
Q

what usually happens to a reinforcer in usual cases?

A

it does not stop completely (extinction) but follows once in a while or rarely (intermittent reinforcement).

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7
Q

what usually happens with extinction?

A

it usually changes gradually, particularly after intermittent reinforcement.

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8
Q

why is extinction difficult to use for self-injurious behavior?

A

it is concerning because if extinction is gradual, they still can hurt themselves while we are phasing out that behavior.

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9
Q

what are extinction bursts?

A
  • an increase in responding at the beginning of the extinction period
  • a burst of responses does not always occur at the beginning of extinction but has been evident in many programs
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10
Q

why does positive reinforcement along with extinction work?

A

it helps to promote desirable behavior and reduce the likelihood of extinction bursts.

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11
Q

what is increase in variability of the behavior?

A

behavior may increase in intensity or frequency.

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12
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A
  • the temporary recurrence of a non-reinforced response during extinction
  • major concern is that this response will be accidentally reinforced
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13
Q

what is a side effect of extinction?

A
  • emotional responses such as agitation, frustration, rage, aggression, and feelings of failure
  • likely to be temporary and diminish as the target response extinguishes
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14
Q

what type of extinction is usually used in most applied settings?

A

extinction of positively reinforced behaviors.

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15
Q

how can the elimination of problem behaviors be sped up?

A

combining extinction with positive reinforcement for prosocial behavior.

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16
Q

why are operant behaviors focused on in applied settings?

A

because they are influenced by antecedents and maintained by their consequences.

17
Q

in applied settings, extinction is usually used for behaviors that have been maintained by blank.

A

positive reinforcement.

18
Q

what happens if something was intermittently reinforced?

A

it will take longer for extinction to occur.

19
Q

the greater the amount of a particular reinforcer given for a response, the greater the blank to extinction.

A

resistance of the response.

20
Q

what happens the longer responses have been reinforced?

A

the greater the resistance to extinction.

21
Q

what happens if a behavior has been extinguished in the past?

A

extinction will happen faster.

22
Q

what must happen to reinforcers maintaining behavior during extinction?

A

they must be identified and withheld.

23
Q

what happens to a strong motivating operation?.

A

extinction happens slowly and vice versa.

24
Q

what is empirical observation/FBA usually used for?

A

determining which reinforcer is maintaining a behavior.

25
Q

why does quantity and quality of a reinforcer matter?

A
  • a good reinforcer extinguishes slowly that something that is mildly reinforcing
  • you really persist if it is something you want
26
Q

what happens if a reinforcer has compulsive elements?

A

it is harder to extinguish.

27
Q

what happens with low motivating operations?

A

they reach critical points faster.

28
Q

in what cases is extinction not helpful?

A

where sources of reinforcement are not always easily controlled or eliminated even if they could be identified.

29
Q

what is extinction of negatively reinforced behavior?

A
  • behaviors that are maintained because they escape or avoid an event or consequence
  • it is extinction when a behavior occurs but does not need to reinforcement
30
Q

what is escape extinction?

A

the reinforcer (escape) does not follow the inappropriate behavior.

31
Q

what are some characteristics of escape demands?

A
  • very powerful reinforcers
  • difficult to use them when the behavior is dangerous
  • can be extinguished by not removing the demands until there is compliance
32
Q

what influences the effectiveness of punishment?

A
  • schedule of reinforcement
  • immediacy
  • magnitude/intensity
  • timing of punishment in response sequence
  • availability of alternative response
33
Q

how are avoidance responses developed and maintained usually?

A
  • with anxiety
  • very resistant to extinction
34
Q

how can anxiety be reduced?

A

remaining in the provoking situation long enough to allow the conditioned anxiety to extinguish.

35
Q

what is systematic desensitization?

A
  • desensitization alters the valence of the conditioned stimuli so that they no longer elicit anxiety
  • anxiety-eliciting conditioned stimuli are paired with non-anxiety states of the client
  • relaxation training is usually used with this
36
Q

what is flooding?

A
  • exposes the individual to the anxiety-provoking stimuli in full intensity, and this may continue for several minutes or hours
  • at some point, the anxiety starts to diminish (habituation)
  • one can track this by monitoring physiological arousal (as well as a verbal report) and see that at first anxiety is very high (e.g., fast heart rate, shortness of breath, panic)
37
Q

what is gradual exposure?

A
  • presents individuals with a hierarchy of situations
  • the individual works with the therapist to be exposed to low doses of anxiety or situations low on a hierarchy - - most commonly used technique
38
Q

what did many exposure-based techniques come from?

A

classical conditioning.

39
Q

what is experimental neurosis?

A

a procedure that leads to extreme agitation and anxiety.

behavioral analysis (11 decks)

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