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Select Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The vast majority of microorganisms are _______. What follows is a list of diseases caused by one of the pathogenic microbes

A

nonpathogenic

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2
Q

Zoonotic diseases make up the

A

majority of diseases

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3
Q

How many new diseases are discovered per year?

A

5

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4
Q

When something is specific or unique to that disease, it’s

A

Pathognomonic

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5
Q

Top 8 zoonotic diseases in the US:

A

Influenza, Salmonella, West Nile, Plague, Rabies, Lyme, Brucellosis, SARS

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6
Q

Agent basically means

A

Caused by

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7
Q

Agent: Streptococcus pyrogens (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Intense pain at infection site
Can spread up to 3 cm per hour

A

Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria)

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8
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria)

A

Agent: Streptococcus pyrogens (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Intense pain at infection site
Can spread up to 3 cm per hour

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9
Q

Impetigo (pyoderma)

A

Agent: Staphylococcus aureus (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Oozing pus-filled vesicles
Erysipelas may occur

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10
Q

Agent: Staphylococcus aureus (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Oozing pus-filled vesicles
Erysipelas may occur

A

Impetigo (pyoderma)

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11
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A

When the infection spreads from the vesicles to the lymph nodes. When this happens, it’s no longer considered Impetigo.

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12
Q

Acne

A

Agent: Propionibacterium acnes (G+ bacillus)
Symptoms: Pustules within sebaceous glands

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13
Q

Agent: Propionibacterium acnes (G+ bacillus)
Symptoms: Pustules within sebaceous glands

A

Acne

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14
Q

Cat Scratch Fever

A

Agent: Bartonella henselae (Gram- bacillus)
Reservoir: Cat (mostly kittens)

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15
Q

Agent: Bartonella henselae (Gram- bacillus)
Reservoir: Cat (mostly kittens)

A

Cat Scratch Fever

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16
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii (Gram- bacillus)
Symptoms: Non-itchy spotted rash on palms/soles
Transmitted by a tick (reservoir)

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17
Q

Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii (Gram- bacillus)
Symptoms: Non-itchy spotted rash on palms/soles
Transmitted by a tick (reservoir)

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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18
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is most commonly seen in the South East/ Appalachian, including states such as:

A

Tennessee
North/South Carolina
Texas
Georgia
Mississippi
Alabama
Arkansas
Missouri
Florida
Kentucky
Louisiana

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19
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Agent: Clostridium perfringens (G+ anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus)
Transmitted by endospore
Symptoms: Death of tissue (Necrosis)

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20
Q

Agent: Clostridium perfringens (G+ anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus)
Transmitted by endospore
Symptoms: Death of tissue (Necrosis)

A

Gas Gangrene

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21
Q

Death of tissue

A

Necrosis

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22
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Agent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G- bacillus)
Symptoms: Pyocyanin (blue-green coloring)
a Nosocomial Infection

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23
Q

Agent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G- bacillus)
Symptoms: Pyocyanin (blue-green coloring)
a Nosocomial Infection

A

Pseudomonas

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24
Q

Smallpox

A

Agent: Variola virus (DNA virus)
Transmission: Inhalation

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25
Q

What are the stages of disease for smallpox?

A

1- macule
2- papule
3- vesicle
4- pustule
5- crust
6- scar

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26
Q

What is the first disease to be eradicated globally?

A

Smallpox

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27
Q

Chickenpox

A

Agent: Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Itchy rash
Transmission: Inhalation

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28
Q

With chickenpox, the _____ becomes ______(______) within ______ _____ _____

A

With chickenpox, the virus becomes latent (dormant) within sensory nerve endings

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29
Q

15-20% of individuals infected with chickenpox will experience a recurrence of a painful skin rash called ______. This is due to the _____ chickenpox found in sensory nerve endings. Typically occurs in the elderly. An interesting note about shingles is that…

A

15-20% of individuals infected with chickenpox will experience a recurrence of a painful skin rash called shingles. This is due to the latent chickenpox found in sensory nerve endings. Typically occurs in the elderly. An interesting note about shingles is that if vaccinated for chickenpox, you should never get shingles

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30
Q

Measles

A

Agent: Measles virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Koplik’s spots

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31
Q

Botulism

A

Agent: Clostridium botulinum (Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus. Makes neurotoxins

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32
Q

Transmission of Botulism

A

Ingestion or wounds

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33
Q

3 different forms of botulism

A
  • Foodborne (spores found in canned foods)
  • Infant (develops from spores in intestines)
  • Wound
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34
Q

Botulism: end result (foodborne, infant, and wound)

A

Paralysis

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35
Q

Floppy baby syndrome is caused by what disease

A

Botulism

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36
Q

Infants under 1 yr old should not consume

A

honey

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37
Q

Botulism: what does the neurotoxin actually do?

A

Prevents the release of Acetylcholine (ultimately leading to paralysis)

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38
Q

Clinical uses of Botulism

A
  • Wrinkles
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Migranes
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39
Q

Tetanus

A

Agent: Clostridium tetani (Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus. Makes a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin)
Symptoms: Lockjaw

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40
Q

What can be used to diagnose tetanus?

A

A Spatula test

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41
Q

Diagnosis/Treatment of Tetanus

A

Vaccine against tetanus called Tetanus Toxoid- neutralizes the toxin

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42
Q

How is tetanus transmitted

A

By an open wound

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43
Q

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

A

Agent: Poliovirus (RNA virus, naked)

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44
Q

Where do you still find polio today?

A

Pakistan and Nigeria

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45
Q

4 possible conditions of Polio (signs/symptoms)

A

Asymptomatic infections
Minor polio
Nonparalyic polio
Paralytic polio

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46
Q

Asymptomatic infections (polio):

A

almost 90% of cases

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47
Q

Minor polio

A

nonspecific symptoms like fever or headache

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48
Q

Nonparalytic polio

A

muscle spasms and back pain

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49
Q

Paralytic polio

A

produces paralysis by stopping action potential, recover in 6-24 months

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50
Q

The 4 possible conditions of polio all can lead to

A

Postpolio syndrome, a muscle deterioration 30-40 years after initial infection

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51
Q

Postpolio syndrome affects

A

80% of those who have had polio

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52
Q

Rabies

A

Agent: Rabies virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Hydrophobia
Diagnosis: Postmortem confirmation of diagnosis

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53
Q

2 types of rabies

A

Furious and paralytic

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54
Q

Highest incidence of rabies occurs in

A

bats, skunks, raccoons foxes, and domesticated

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55
Q

Treatment of rabies:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis: Vaccination for..

Post-exposure: Treated by injecting human rabies immunoglobulin. The important thing to note is that rabies is one of the..

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis: Vaccination for high-risk individuals

Post-exposure: Rabies is one of the few diseases that uses a vaccine as part of treatment

56
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a

A

Gram positive coccus

57
Q

Impetigo (pyoderma) is a

A

Gram positive coccus

58
Q

Acne is a

A

Gram positive bacillus

59
Q

Cat Scratch Fever is a

A

Gram negative bacillus

60
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a

A

Gram negative bacillus

61
Q

Gas Gangrene is a

A

Gram positive anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus

62
Q

Pseudomonas is a

A

Gram negative bacillus

63
Q

Smallpox is a

A

DNA virus

64
Q

Chickenpox is a

A

DNA virus, enveloped

65
Q

Measles is a

A

RNA virus, enveloped

66
Q

Botulism is a

A

Gram positive anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus

67
Q

Tetanus is a

A

Gram positive anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus

68
Q

Poliomyelitis (Polio) is a

A

RNA virus, naked

69
Q

Rabies is a

A

RNA virus, enveloped

70
Q

3 types of Meningitis:

A

Bacterial Meningitis
Viral Meningitis
Cryptococcal Meningitis

71
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

Agent: Neisseria meningitidis (Gram negative coccus)
Symptoms: sudden high fever and stiff neck
Transmission: Inhalation

72
Q

There are _____ _____ for Bacterial Meningitis. Vaccines are required for all students in Texas _____ under the age of ____

A

There are vaccinations available for Bacterial Meningitis. Vaccines are required for all students in Texas colleges under the age of 35

73
Q

Bacterial Meningitis/Neisseria meningitides is also known as _________

A

meningococcus

74
Q

In Bacterial Meningitis, _________ releases ______ into the body which triggers an ____ _______

A

In Bacterial Meningitis, blebbing releases lipid A into the body which triggers an inflammatory response

75
Q

Viral Meningitis

A

Agent: Coxsackie A virus (RNA virus, naked)

76
Q

Cryptococcal Meningitis

A

Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans
Symptoms: Prolonged cough
Transmission: Inhalation of spores found in bird feces

77
Q

Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans
Symptoms: Prolonged cough
Transmission: Inhalation of spores found in bird feces

A

Cryptococcal Meningitis

78
Q

All 3 types of meningitis lead to

A

high fever and stiff neck

79
Q

Encephalitis

A

Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Transmission:
Reservoir: birds and rodents
Vector: Mosquito

80
Q

Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Transmission:
Reservoir: birds and rodents
Vector: Mosquito

A

Encephalitis

81
Q

Virus that causes an Encephalitis

A

West Nile

82
Q

Zika Virus

A

Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Microencephaly in newborn

83
Q

Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Microencephaly in newborn

A

Zika Virus

84
Q

Brucellosis

A

Agent: Brucella melitensis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Symptoms: Undulating fever and Orchitis (enlarged testis)
Transmission: Ingestion of unpasteurized milk

85
Q

Tularemia

A

Agent: Francisella tularensis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Symptoms: Pus-filled lymph nodes
Transmission: Rabbit reservoir

86
Q

Agent: Francisella tularensis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Symptoms: Pus-filled lymph nodes
Transmission: Rabbit reservoir

A

Tularemia

87
Q

Tularemia is AKA

A

Rabbit fever

88
Q

Plague

A

Agent: Yersinia pestis (Gram negative bacillus)
Transmission: Vector- fleas OR direct contact with reservoir (rodent)

89
Q

2 forms of plague

A

Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague

90
Q

Bubonic plague

A
  • Buboes (enlarged painful lymph nodes)
91
Q

Enlarged painful lymph nodes

A

Buboes

92
Q

Pneumonic plague

A
  • involves lungs
  • can spread
93
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirilla shaped)
Symptoms: Bull’s eye rash and arthritis
Transmission: Vector- deer tick

94
Q

With Lyme disease, the ______ tick is responsible for transmitting it to humans

A

nymph

95
Q

Ebola Virus

A

Agent: Ebolavirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptom: Petechiae (small hemorrhages)

96
Q

Ebola virus is categorized as a

A

BSL-4 pathogen

97
Q

Malaria

A

Agent: Plasmodium (a protozoan)
Symptoms: Anemia, jaundice
Transmission: Vector- mosquito

98
Q

Sickle cell provides resistance to what disease?

A

Malaria

99
Q

Malaria life cycle:

A

Sporozoite
Merozoite
Trophozoite

100
Q

Toxoplasmosis- 2 main groups of concern

A

pregnant women and AIDS patients

101
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Agent: Toxoplasma gondii (a protozoan)
Symptoms: stillbirth and blindness

102
Q

Transmission of Toxoplasmosis and reservoir

A

Transmission: ingestion of oocysts (feces) or pseudocysts (meat)
Reservoir: Cats

103
Q

What’s the concern with Toxoplasmosis?

A

The vertical transmission to fetus

104
Q

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)

A

Agent: Trypanosoma cruzi (a protozoan)
Symptoms: Heart failure

105
Q

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease): transmission and reservoir

A

Transmission: Vector- Triatoma (kissing bug)
Reservoir: armadillo

106
Q

Streptococcal Respiratory Disease

A

Agent: Streptococcus pyrogens (also causes Necrotizing fasciitis)
Sore throat
Can be detected with rapid strep test

107
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis is also known as the

A

kissing disease

108
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Agent: Epstein-Barr virus (DNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Sore throat with fatigue

109
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis impacts

A

B cells

110
Q

Long-term concern with Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Can lead to cancer (lymphoma)

111
Q

Diphtheria

A

Agent: Corynebacterium Diptheria (G + bacillus)
Symptoms: presence of a pseudomembrane
Has a vaccine

112
Q

The unique _____ with Diptheria is called _____

A

The unique division with Diphtheria is called snapping

113
Q

Whooping Cough

A

Agent: Bordetella pertussis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Has a vaccine

114
Q

Stages of whooping cough

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Catarrhal
  3. Paroxysmal
  4. Convalescent
115
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

Agent: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Rhinorrhea (runny nose)

116
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus is also known as

A

Croup

117
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus causes ______ to form in the lungs. This is defined as a..

A

syncytium= giant multinucleated cell as infected cells fuse

118
Q

Tuberculosis is the

A

leading infectious disease cause of death worldwide

119
Q

What is considered to be the next eradicated disease (after smallpox)?

A

Polio

120
Q

Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with a _______ ____ ____ which identifies ____

A

Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with a tuberculin skin test which identifies exposure

121
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms: Hemoptysis (coughing blood)
Vaccine is available in places where TB is common

122
Q

Tuberculosis has a presence of ______ ____ in the _____ ____

A

Tuberculosis has a presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall

123
Q

3 types of Tuberculosis:

A

Primary tuberculosis
Secondary tuberculosis
Disseminated tuberculosis

124
Q

Tuberculosis treatment:

A

Directly
Observed
Treatment
Short course

125
Q

Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome

A

Agent: Coronavirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Anosmia

126
Q

Influenza

A

Agent: Influenza virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Treatment: Tamiflu

127
Q

The envelope in influenza contains _______ and _______ molecules

A

Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)

128
Q

Peptic Ulcers

A

Agent: Helicobacter pylori (Gram negative)
Risk factors: Stress and NSAID

129
Q

Viral Hepatitis: Five different viruses cause hepatitis. List whether RNA/DNA and naked/enveloped

A

Hepatitis A virus (RNA, naked)
Hepatitis B virus (DNA, enveloped)
Hepatitis C virus (RNA, enveloped)
Hepatitis delta virus (RNA, enveloped)
Hepatitis E virus (RNA, naked)

130
Q

Symptom of Viral Hepatitis

A

Jaundice

131
Q

Treatment of Viral Hepatitis

A

Interferon

132
Q

Syphilis

A

Agent: Treponema pallidum (Gram-negative spirochete)
Symptoms: Chancre (hard painless lesion), blindness, and gummas

133
Q

Four phases of syphilis (progresses from one to the next)

A

Primary syphilis- hard, painless lesion (Chancre)
Secondary syphilis- widespread rash (can include palms/soles)
Latent syphilis- asymptomatic
Tertiary syphilis- dementia, blindness, gummas

134
Q

RNA, naked (hepatitis)

A

Hepatitis E and Hepatitis A

135
Q

RNA, enveloped (hepatitis)

A

Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis delta virus

136
Q

DNA, enveloped (hepatitis)

A

Hepatitis B

Microbiology (17 decks)

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