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Microbiology > Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

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2
Q

Metabolism is divided into two types of chemical reactions:

What’s the difference between these two?

A

Catabolic: breaks down large molecules into smaller products, exergonic (releases energy), ex: proteins –> a.a

Anabolic: turns smaller products into large molecules, requires energy to make bonds (endergonic), ex: a.a—> protein or fatty acid –> lipid

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3
Q

Is this anabolic or catabolic:

Starch (a polymer) is built from simple sugars (monomers)

A

Anabolic

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4
Q

Energy coupling

A

The energy that is released from the catabolic reactions can be used to drive an anabolic reaction that requires energy

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5
Q

Metabolic reactions usually involve the movement of electrons (which are ________ of _____). The molecule that is oxidized is the one to _____ the electron and involves _____. The molecule that is reduced ______ the electron and involves _____.

A

carriers of energy

oxidized: donates the electron and involves loss (OIL)
reduced: accepts the electron and involves gain (RIG)

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6
Q

To move the electrons around (for oxidation-reduction reactions), a carrier is often used. The important ones are:

The electron is usually associated with a _______ atom since it only has _____ ______. So the carriers pick up and drop off the _____.

A

NAD+
NADP+
FAD

The electron is usually associated with a HYDROGEN atom since it only has ONE ELECTRON. So the carriers pick up and drop off the HYDROGENS.

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7
Q

ATP is responsible for

A

mediating or carrying out energy coupling in cells

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8
Q

ATP is composed of

A

3 phosphorus groups
a sugar (ribose)
and a nitrogenous base (adenine)

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9
Q

How does ATP produce energy?

A

The terminal phosphate bond gets broken (just one out of the three)

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10
Q

When the _____ _____ bond is broken, the terminal phosphate ____ is ___ from ATP. We call this terminal phosphate _____ an _____ ________, abbreviated as ____.

A

When the TERMINAL PHOSPHATE BOND is broken, the terminal phosphate GROUP is REMOVED from ATP. We call this terminal phosphate GROUP an INORGANIC PHOSPHATE, abbreviated as Pi.

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11
Q

After the removal of the terminal phosphate group, ATP becomes _____ and ______ __ ____

A

ADP

energy is released

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12
Q

Phosphorylation

A

When ATP is regenerated/recycled from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

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13
Q

3 ways phosphorylation can be accomplished:
(basically, who provides the energy for the third phosphorus? ADP + P —> ATP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

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14
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

transfers Pi from an organic molecule

(the bond gets broken)

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15
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Using energy from the redox reaction to add Pi
(there’s no bond to be broken)

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16
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Using light energy to add Pi
(no bond broken)

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17
Q

ATP has ___ phosphate while ADP has ___

A

3

2

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18
Q

Enzymes

A

Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed

Requires energy

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19
Q

The amount of energy required by the reactant molecules for bond breaking is known as the

A

activation energy

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20
Q

Each enzyme can only bind to its own ____ ___ (they’re _____-______). The specificity of an enzyme is due to its _____ ___ ____.

A

Each enzyme can only bind to its own SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE (substrate-specific). The specificity of an enzyme is due to its UNIQUE 3D SHAPE.

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21
Q

What’s an active site?

A

the specific shape of the substrate (that matches with the specific shape of the enzyme)

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22
Q

Apoenzyme

A

The name of the protein portion when the enzyme is combined with other molecules

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23
Q

The apoenzyme is ____ if not bound to nonprotein ______

A

inactive
cofactors

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24
Q

Cofactors are ____ molecules, like ___ or ___. If the cofactor is an ______ molecule, it’s called a _____.

A

Cofactors are INORGANIC molecules, like Zn or Fe. If the cofactor is an ORGANIC molecule, it’s called a COENZYME

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25
Q

Important coenzymes:

A

NAD
FAD
CoA

26
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Yields from when apoenzyme binds with its cofactors/coenzymes

27
Q

Factors that influence the activity/action of an enzyme:

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

28
Q

If the temperature goes up too high, the rate of the reactions slows down as enzymes get _____. Enzymes are most active in ____ temperatures

A

denatured
warmer

29
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

bind to an active site

30
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

binds to an allosteric site, distorting the active site (so it no longer matches with the enzyme)

31
Q

Energy production is due to the

A

movement of electrons

32
Q

Most microorganisms tend to break down carbohydrates to obtain their energy- specifically ____

A

Glucose

33
Q

2 main pathways of energy production

A

cellular respiration
fermentation

34
Q

The overall process of cellular respiration can be summarized as

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

35
Q

General equation for cellular respiration:

Which is being oxidized and which is being reduced? Why?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

C6H12O6 is oxidized because the hydrogens are taken away and become 6CO2

6O2 is reduced because hydrogens are gained: 6H2O

36
Q

Cellular respiration is a _____ reaction because ____________. All of the energy comes from the _____ ____

A

catabolic
energy gets released

glucose molecule

37
Q

Glycolysis starting molecule:

ending molecule:

A

starting: Glucose

ending: Pyruvic Acid

38
Q

What carrier molecule is used during Glycolysis and how many?

A

NADH, 2

39
Q

How much ATP is used in Glycolysis? How much is produced? Net amount?

A

2 ATP is used

4 ATP is produce, 2 net

40
Q

Penicillium is a ____ that leads to antibiotics

Streptomyces is a _____ that leads to antibiotics

A

mold

bacteria

41
Q

Only ____ leads to fermentation, not ____

A

yeast,

not bacteria

42
Q

Tetrapeptide cross bridges hold together..

A

NAM and NAM molecules

43
Q

Outer cell/cytoplasmic membranes are made up of a cholesterol-like molecule called a

A

Hopanoid

44
Q

Each molecule of pyruvate coming from glycolysis must first be converted to another chemical called_______

A

acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

45
Q

The preparation stage

A

2 NADH
2 CO2
2 acetyl CoA

46
Q

2 points about the Krebs Cycle

A

It occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
A great amount of energy remains in the bonds of acetyl CoA

47
Q

Key concepts of the Krebs Cycle:
Starting molecule?
How many molecules of ATP?
What method of phosphorylation?
How many molecules of FADH2?
How many molecules of NADH?
How many molecules of CO2?

A

Starting molecule?
Acetyl-CoA

How many molecules of ATP? 2

What method of phosphorylation? Substrate level phosphorylation

How many molecules of FADH2? 2

How many molecules of NADH? 6

How many molecules of CO2? 4

48
Q

The Electron Transport Chain is the most _____ ____ in aerobic respiration because it will generate the most number of ____ ___

A

important stage
ATP molecules

49
Q

The Electron Transport Chain:

During aerobic respiration, there is a lot of transferring of electrons (aka oxidation-reduction reactions) going on. Glucose _____ its electrons to form ____. This reaction is called ______. Oxygen ____ the electrons given away from glucose to form ____. This is called a ______.

A

During aerobic respiration, there is a lot of transferring of electrons (aka oxidation-reduction reactions) going on. Glucose LOSES its electrons to form CO2. This reaction is called OXIDATION. Oxygen GAINS the electrons given away from glucose to form WATER. This is called a REDUCTION.

50
Q

Electron Transport Chain:
-There is a series of _____ ____ that pass electrons from one to another to a _____ ____ ____
-Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a ______ ______. These protons return through a channel protein attached to the enzyme ___ ____
- Occurs in the ___ ____ of ______

A

Electron Transport Chain:
-There is a series of CARRIER MOLECULES that pass electrons from one to another to a FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
-Energy from electrons is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. These protons return through a channel protein attached to the enzyme ATP SYNTHASE
- Occurs in the CELL MEMBRANE of PROKARYOTES

51
Q

In aerobic respiration, ____ is the final electron acceptor. In anaerobic respiration, it’s an ______ _____ that acts as the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

Inorganic molecule

52
Q

What method of phosphorylation occurs in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

Electron Transport Chain:
Each NADH creates __ __
Each FADH creates __ __
In total, there are ___ ATP molecules that can be generated from one ____ ____

A

3 ATP

2 ATP

34 ATP
glucose molecule

54
Q

Summary of Metabolic Stages:

Glycolysis:_______—> ______
The Preparation stage: _____—> ______
The Krebs Cycle: _______—> ______
The Electron Transport Chain: once ______ _____ electrons, it is _____ to form ____

A

Glycolysis: 1 glucose molecule –> 2 pyruvate molecules
The Preparation stage: each pyruvate molecule—> acetyl CoA molecule
The Krebs Cycle: each acetyl CoA —> CO2
The Electron Transport Chain: once oxygen accepts electrons, it is reduced to form H20

55
Q

Summary of Energy Yielded:

Glycolysis:
The Preparation Stage:
The Krebs Cycle:
The Electron Transport Chain:
Total:

A

Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
The Preparation Stage: 2 NADH
The Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH
The Electron Transport Chain: 34 ATP
Total: 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

56
Q

In anaerobic respiration, some commonly used inorganic molecules (that act as final electron acceptors) are..

A

Sulfate and Nitrate

57
Q

In anaerboic respiration, what’s the ATP yield?

A

between 2 and 36 ATP molecules

58
Q

End products of fermentation

A

Lactic acid and ethanol

59
Q

How much ATP does fermentation produce?

A

2

60
Q

When does fermentation occur?

A

When there is an absense of final electron acceptors (no oxygen, no inorganic molecule)

61
Q

3 points about fermentation-
-_____ is ______ ____
-________ ____(or other organic molecule) acts as a ________ ______ ______
-__________ _____

A
  • Glucose is partially oxidized
  • Pyruvic acid acts as a final electron acceptor
  • Regenerates NAD+
62
Q

The ability to ferment carbohydrates is a common way in helping _____________ and determining its _______. A ______ ______ is what determines whether the microbe ferments the carb or not. Fermentation can also detect ______ _____ ___

A

identify a particular microorganism and determining its classification
pH indicator
CO2 gas production

Microbiology (17 decks)

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