Chapter 1- History Flashcards
Bacteria
Unicellular, prokaryote
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycans
Requires sufficient moisture
Obtains energy through organic molecules or photosynthesis or inorganic molecules (nitrogen/phosphorus)
Mineralization
Conversion of organic chemicals into inorganic form by microorganisms
Pasteur
Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation/abiogenesis
Found what caused fermentation; discovered process now called “pasteurization”
Fungi
Unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes
Obtains energy by decomposing dead organisms
Can be pathogenic (ringworm)
ex: Mold (multicellular) and Yeast (unicellular)
Small Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular eukaryotes
Adult worms can be visible to the naked eye, but immature stages are microscopic
Only a few microorganisms are pathogenic (_______). They invade a ______- this can be humans, other animals, or plants
disease-causing
susceptible host
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes
Mobile
Found in water, some live in hosts
AKA: Parasites
Ex: Malaria
Leeuwenhoek
“Father of Microbiology”
1st to observe live microorganisms (through his magnifying lenses)
Viruses
Only seen with electron microscope
Acellular
Obligatory parasite: only can reproduce inside the host cell they infect
Prokaryote
Bacteria and Archaea
Nightingale
Nursing and hygiene
6 subgroups of microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Small multicellular animals
Antibiotics (definition)
Chemicals naturally produced by bacteria or fungi to kill/inhibit the growth of other microorganisms
Pasteurization
Process of heating it just enough to kill spoilage or pathogenic microorganisms.
Doesn’t alter the quality of food
Agricultural Microbiology:
Microorganisms as _____:
Microorganisms in the _____:
+ elements
Insecticides: some Bacillus are insect pathogens
Soil: soil fertility which largely depends on Nitrogen and Phosphorus (inorganic)
Ehrlich
Magic bullets (antibiotics)
How was abiogenesis disproved / what was the significance of the flask?
- Boiling it
- The shape/ the fact that it was a swan-neck flask
Bacteria vs Yeast Fermentation
Bacteria- ferments into an acid
Yeast- ferments into alcohol
Many diseases were discovered from ____-____
“Age of Microbiology”
1880s-1900
Koch
Proved microorganisms might cause disease: Germ Theory of Disease
Discovered that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax
Koch Postulates
Jenner
Responsible for 1st vaccination (against smallpox)
He was aware that infection actually produced immunity
Archaea
Unicellular, prokaryote
Cell wall
Found in extreme conditions
Not pathogenic to humans
The chemical names of antibiotics
Penicillium notatum
Streptomyces
Microbiology
The study of microorganisms
Fleming
Discovered the 1st antibiotic to treat disease
Protozoa/parasite consequences
Host is harmed, parasite benefits
3 areas of microbiology
Industrial
Agricultural
Enviornmental
Industrial Microbiology:
Food Industry preserves food with ____ and ____
Lactic acid bacteria and yeast
Abiogenesis
Spontaneous generation theory that living things came from nonliving matter
Yeasts
Fermentation- makes wine,, beer, and bread
4 primary questions in early years of microbiology
- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
- What causes fermentation?
- What causes disease?
- How can we prevent infection and disease?
Protozoa move by one of three methods:
Pseudopods
Cilia
Flagellum
Linnaeus
Responsible for the binomial system of nomenclature (naming system)
DKPCOF
Genus
Species
Difference between Bacteria and Archaea
Archea has a cell wall, but its not made of peptidoglycans
Lister
Antiseptic technique
Algae is not typically _____ but there’s 2 exceptions:
Pathogenic
1. An immunosuppressed person
2. Algae Bloom
Koch’s Postulates ( general definition)
All criteria must be met to be said that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease
Types of eukaryotes
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Small multicellular animals
Industrial Microbiology- Vitamins and Antibiotics
Makes vitamins C, B2, and B12
Semmelweis
Handwashing
Included in the group of small multicellular organisms are _____, which are ______.
Two types of disease causing ___:
1.
2.
Helminths
Parasitic Worms
1. Roundworms
2. Flatworms
Lactic acid Bacteria
The acid produced by this is used to inhibit growth
How food is preserved
Environmental Microbiology:
Microorganisms _____ ____ by removing most organic chemicals during ____ treatment. This process is known as _______
Recycle water
Sewage
Bioremidiation
Algae
Unicellular/Multicellular, eukarytotic
Photosynthetic (chloroplasts)
Important in ecology/enviornment
Not usually pathogenic
3 groups of Archaea
Thermophiles (heat)
Halophiles (salt)
Methanogens (methane)
Bioinsecticides
Uses bacteria as a natural pest control
