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Geology Board Exam Day 2 > Sedimentary Petrology > Flashcards

Sedimentary Petrology Flashcards

1
Q

study of the processes of formation, transport, and deposition of material that accumulates as sediment in continental and marine environments and eventually forms sedimentary rocks.

A

Sedimentology

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2
Q

study of processes that erode, transport, and deposit sediments

A

Sedimentology

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3
Q

the study of the characteristics and origin of sedimentary rocks

A

Sedimentary Petrology

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4
Q

the study of the origin, relationship, and extent of rock layers (strata)

A

Stratigraphy

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5
Q

the study of rocks to determine the order and timing of events in Earth’s history: it provides the time frame that allows us to interpret sedimentary rocks in terms of dynamic evolving environments.

A

Stratigraphy

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6
Q

formed at low temperatures and pressure compared to igneous and metamorphic rocks.

A

Sedimentary rocks

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7
Q

rocks which form at or near the earth’s surface primarily through: Deposition of weathered material by water, wind, or ice (detrital, clastic, terrigenous), Direct inorganic chemical precipitation from water, or Precipitation by organic processes.

A

Sedimentary rocks

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8
Q

Sedimentary rocks are rocks that form at or near the earth’s surface primarily through?

A

Deposition of weathered material by water, wind, or ice (detrital, clastic, terrigenous)

Direct inorganic chemical precipitation from water

Precipitation by organic processes.

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9
Q

the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering

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10
Q

2 types of weathering

A

Physical / Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering

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11
Q

These are processes that break the solid rock into pieces and may separate the different minerals without involving any chemical reactions.

A

Physical weathering

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12
Q

The most important agents in physical weathering

A

Freeze-thaw action
Temperature change
Salt dome intrusion
Root wedging
Wetting and drying
Organic activity
Unloading

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13
Q

Physical / Mechanical weathering prevails in?

A

cold climates, high altitudes, dry regions

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14
Q

repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, the expansion force of water as it freezes is sufficient to split any mineral or rock.

A

Frost wedging

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15
Q

Differences in temperature in a rock give rise to differential expansion (heating) and contraction (cooling).

A

Heating and cooling

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16
Q

The disruption of soil results in the swelling and contracting of soil particles.

A

Wetting and drying

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17
Q

The action of organisms, including animals and plants, reduces the size of rocks and minerals.

A

Organisms

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18
Q

the removal of thick layers of sediments overlying deeply buried rocks by erosion or uplift.

A

Unloading

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19
Q

Factors controlling weathering

A

Source Composition
Climate
Topographic Relief

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21
Q

Weathering where the dissolving of a solid in a liquid

A

Dissolution

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21
Q

Weathering where combination of a solid mineral or element with water.

A

Hydration

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22
Q

Weathering where both the chemical combination of oxygen with a compound and the change in the oxidation number of some chemical elements. it is usually used in mineral weathering

A

Oxidation and Reduction

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23
Q

the chemical process in which electrons are gained

A

Reduction

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24
Q

involves the transfer of charged atoms (ions) of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium between waters rich in one of the ions and a mineral rich in another. This most effective in clay.

A

Ion-exchange

25
Q

The removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or man

A

Erosion

26
Q

Arrangement of minerals in Goldich Stability Series (from least to highest resistance)

A

Olivine, Ca-Felds, Pyroxenes, Amphibole, Na-feldspar, Biotite Mica, K-feldspars, Muscovite Mica, Quartz

27
Q

Difference between Bowen’s reaction series and Goldich Stability Series?

A

Bowen’s shows

28
Q

Transport media of Erosion

A

Air, Water, Ice, Gravity

29
Q

Mode of Transport in Erosion

A

Rolling, Saltation, Saltation, Suspension

30
Q

the clasts move by rolling along at the bottom of the
air or water flow without losing contact with the bed surface

A

Rolling

31
Q

the particles move in a series of jumps, periodically
leaving the bed surface, and carrying short distances within the body of the fluid before returning to the bed again.

A

Saltation

32
Q

turbulence within the flow produces sufficient upward motion to keep particles in the moving fluid more or less continually.

A

Suspension

33
Q

Particles being carried by rolling and saltation are referred to as _____________ and the material in suspension is called _________________.

A

Bedload; Suspended load

34
Q

Flow where all molecules within the fluid move parallel to each other in the direction of transport.

A

Laminar flows

35
Q

Flow where
heterogeneous fluids are thoroughly mixed

A

turbulent flows

36
Q

Flow where molecules in the fluid move in all directions but with a net movement in the transport direction.

A

Turbulent flows

37
Q

Flow where a heterogeneous fluid with almost no mixing.

A

Laminar flows

38
Q

a dimensionless quantity that indicates the extent to which a flow is laminar or turbulent.

A

Reynolds number(Re)

39
Q

Reynolds number is obtained by relating the
following factors:

A

the velocity of flow (y), the ratio between
the density of the fluid and viscosity of the fluid (n– the fluid kinematic viscosity) and a ‘characteristic length’ (l – the
diameter of a pipe or depth of flow in an open channel)

40
Q

These are the products of volcanic eruptions or the result of the breakdown of volcanic rocks.

A

Volcaniclastic sediments

41
Q

This is material that is made up of particles or clasts derived from pre-existing rock

A

Terrigenous clastic material

42
Q

makeup 20–25% of the sedimentary rocks in the stratigraphic record

A

Sandstones and conglomerates

43
Q

makeup 60% of the sedimentary rocks in the stratigraphic record

A

mudrocks

44
Q

any sedimentary rock containing over 50% calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

A

limestone

45
Q

These are deposits formed by the
precipitation of salts out of water due to evaporation

A

Evaporites

46
Q

what are the other sediments and sedimentary rocks

A

sedimentary ironstone,
phosphate sediments
organic deposits (coals and oil shales)
cherts (siliceous
sedimentary rocks).

47
Q

A widely used classification chat/ grade scale for classifying the diameters of sediments

A

Uden-Wentworth grain size scale

48
Q

in udden-Wentworth scale, φ ______ as diameter ________.

A

increase; decrease

49
Q

size of boulder in udden-Wentworth grain size scale

A

> 256 mm , -8 phi

50
Q

size of cobbles in udden-wentworth grain size scale

A

16-128 mm; -4 - -8phi

51
Q

size of silt in udden-wentworth grain size scale

A

0.063 to 0.0039 mm; 4 to 8 phi

52
Q

size of pebbles in udden-wentworth grain size scale

A

4-16 mm; -2 to -4phi

53
Q

size of granules in udden-wentworth grain size scale

A

2-4mm ; -1 to -2phi

54
Q

size of sand in udden-wentworth grain size scale

A

2-0.063 mm ; -1 to 4 phi

55
Q

Sedimentary rocks made of silt- and clay-sized
particles. it is the most abundant

A

Mudrocks

56
Q

Rock name for sedimentary rocks that is composed of gravel size (>2) sediments

A

Rudite

57
Q

Rock name for sedimentary rocks that is composed of sand (0.065-2) size sediments

A

Aranite

58
Q

Rock name for sedimentary rocks that is composed of Mud (<0.065) size sediments

A

Geology Board Exam Day 2 (17 decks)

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