Chemical Property Of Mineral Flashcards
The whole earth is composed of)
Iron (35%)
Oxygen (30%)
Silicon (15%)
Magnesium (13%)
Nickel (2.4%)
Sulfur (1.9%)
Calcium (1.1%)
Aluminum (1.1%)
Others (<1%)
Composition of the Earth’s crust
Oxygen (46%)
Silicon (28%)
Aluminum (8%)
Iron (6%)
Magnesium (4%)
Calcium (2.4%)
Potassium (2.3%)
Sodium (2.1%)
Others (<1%)
A chemical bond formed by electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.
Ionic bond
Examples of mineral with ionic bonds
Halide
Minerals with ionic bonds has! properties of?
- Moderate degree of hardness and specific Gravity
- Moderately high melting point
- High degree of symmetry
- Poor conductor
A bond formed from the sharing of electrons between atom.
Covalent bond
The strongest bond
Covalent bond
Example of covalent bond?
Diamond
Covalent bond produce minerals that are:
- Insoluble
- Has high melting point,
- Hard
- Non-conductive (due to localization of minerals)
- Have low symmetry (due to direct bonding)
Covalent bond is common among?
Elements with high numbers of vacancies in the outer shell (e.g C, Si, Al, S)
Considered to be a type of covelent bond which valence electrons l are delocalized and are free to move from atom to atom throughout the crystal structure.
Metallic bond
A type of chemical bond where he atomic nuclei and inner filled electron shells in a “sea” of electrons made up of unbound valence electrons.
Metallic bond
Metallic bond yields mineral that are:
- Soft
- Ductile/Malleable
- Highly conductive (due to easily mobile electrons)
- High symmetry (due to non-directional bonding)
Forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules and surface as well as intermolecular forces
Van der waals
Created by weak bonding of oppositely dipolarized electron clouds. It commonly occurs around covalent bond.
Van der waals
Van der Waals produces solid that are:
- Soft
- Very poor conductor
- Has low melting points
- Low symmetry crystals
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
Hydrogen bonding
It is weaker than ionic or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals
Hydrogen bonding
Covalently bonded sheets of c loosely bounded by Van der Waals
Graphite
Strongly bonded Silica tetrahedra sheets (mixed covalent and ionic) bound by weak ionic and hydrogen bonds
Mica
Commonly correlate to planes of weak ionic bonding in an otherwise tightly bond atomic structure
Cleavage planes
Two or more minerals whose atoms are arrange in same type of crystal structure
Isomorphism
Minerals that have the different crystal system but have same chemical formula
Polymorphism
Minerals are classified based on the identity of major anion or anionic group
Mineral classification
The growth of mineral grain requires that the appropriate atoms and ions find each other and then chemically bond to form what will become the nucleus of a crystal.
Homogenous Nucleation
New mineral nucleates by taking advantage of the structure of an existing mineral
Heterogeneous nucleation
