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Geography Paper 1 > SectionC: Physical Landscapes Of The UK-Rivers > Flashcards

SectionC: Physical Landscapes Of The UK-Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Relief

A

Difference in height from the surrounding terrain

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2
Q

Geology

A

the science which deals with the physical structure and substance of the earth, their history, and the processes which act on them.

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3
Q

Bed

A

Bottom of a river

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4
Q

Bank

A

Sides of a river

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5
Q

Load

A

Sédiment river carries

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6
Q

Channel

A

Fluid in river-water

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7
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Sheer force of the water wearing away bed and banks

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8
Q

Attrition

A

Stones carried by the river knock against one another making them smaller and smoother

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9
Q

Abrasion

A

Load carried by the river scraping across the bed and banks- sand paper effect

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10
Q

Solution

A

Some rocks are mildly soluble in mildly acidic river water and is therefore slowly dissolved

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11
Q

Vertical erosion

A

Mainly erodes downwards to reach base level, V-shaped areas in valleys near to the source. Makes valleys narrow and shallow

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12
Q

Lateral erosion

A

Eroding horizontally in the middle and lower course, makes it wider and deeper

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13
Q

Two directions of erosion

A

Vertical and lateral

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14
Q

Four types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution

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15
Q

Four types of transportation

A

Traction, saltation, solution, suspension

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16
Q

Traction

A

Big boulders rolling along the bed

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17
Q

Saltation

A

Small pebbles bouncing along the bed

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18
Q

Suspension

A

When alluvium is carried in the water

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19
Q

Solution

A

Particles are dissolved

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20
Q

Deposition

A

Leaving behind material

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21
Q

When does deposition occur

A

When the river loses energy

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22
Q

What will a river deposit first

A

Largest material as it is the heaviest to carry

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23
Q

Source

A

River behind steep and in the mountains

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24
Q

Watershed

A

High land around the basin

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25
Q

Confluence

A

Two or more rivers meeting

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26
Q

Drainage basin

A

Area of land drained by a river and it’s tributaries

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27
Q

Mouth

A

River meets sea

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28
Q

Long profile

A

Shape of the land from source to mouth

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29
Q

Cross profile

A

How the river chances from side to side

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30
Q

River depth and width at the source

A

Narrow and shallow

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31
Q

River width and depth in the middle course

A

Wider and deeper

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32
Q

River width and depth at the mouth

A

Widest and deepest

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33
Q

Size of load at the source

A

Large boulders

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34
Q

Size of load in the middle course

A

Medium pebbles/ silt

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35
Q

Size of load at mouth

A

Alluvium

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36
Q

Water velocity source

A

Slow but increasing

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37
Q

Water velocity middle course

A

Medium but increasing

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38
Q

Water velocity mouth

A

Fastest point but slow at the mouth itself

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39
Q

Direction/type of erosion source

A

Vertical, hydraulic, abrasion, attrition

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40
Q

Direction/type of erosion middle course

A

Lateral, hydraulic, abrasion, solution

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41
Q

Direction/type of erosion mouth

A

Lateral, abrasion

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42
Q

Transportation source

A

Traction, saltation

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43
Q

Transportation middle

A

Solution, suspension

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44
Q

Transportation mouth

A

Suspension, solution

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45
Q

Is there deposition at the source

A

No

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46
Q

Is there deposition in the middle course

A

Yes but only when the water levels drop

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47
Q

Is there deposition in the mouth

A

Yes when river loses energy

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48
Q

Interlocking Spurs

A

The vertical erosion in the upper course create a v-shaped valley which is steep sided and narrow. As the river erodes downwards, soil and loose rock on the valley sides are moved downhill by slope wash or soil creep. The river also winds its way around interlocking spurs of hard rock. There is no flat valley floor and the valley gradient is steep

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49
Q

Upper course featured in a river

A

V-shaped valleys, interlocking Spurs, waterfalls and gorges

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50
Q

Define waterfall

A

A stream or river flows over a steep drop, this is due to erosion and both hard and soft rock are present. Usually located in the upper course

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51
Q

Characteristics of high force

A

White water- fast flowing, hydraulic action
Hard rock- igneous, more résistant whin sill
Steep sided gorge
Steps
Plunge pool
Overhang
Soft rock-Carboniferous limestone, less resistant

52
Q

Step by step formation of waterfall and gorge

A

A river meets a band of soft and hard rock on top of each other, underlying softer rock is eroded more quickly, processes of erosion such as abrasion cause undercutting, the rock causes abrasion of the river bed, hydraulic action also helps create a deep plunge pool, the more resistant hard rock is left unsupported and overhangs, eventually the more resistant rock is left unsupported and collapses onto the riverbed, this process is repeated and the waterfall retreats upstream, a steep sided river valley is created called a gorge

53
Q

Meander definition

A

Bends in the river formed in lower courses of a river due to lateral erosion and deposition

54
Q

What landforms are in the middle course

A

Meanders and oxbow lakes

55
Q

Thalweg

A

Fastest flow of the river

56
Q

How is a meander formed

A

A meander is a bend in the river, the outer bend has deep water, a steep river cliff and the thalweg. Due to the process of erosion called hydraulic action the fast flowing water erodes the bed so the water is deep. On thé inner bend the river loses energy so this is the slowest flow so the river deposits it’s load onto the slip off slope. As deposition occurs here the water is shallow

57
Q

How are oxbow lakes formed

A

The meander has a neck, the outside of the neck has a faster flow therefore more hydraulic action which creates river cliffs. The current on the inside is slower and the channel is shallower so the erodes material is deposited forming slip-off slopes. The neck is getting smaller due to erosion. During a flood the water will pass over the neck and take the fastest flow in a straight line. The original part of the meander is cut off as deposition occurs. The feature left is an oxbow lake. This is horse shoe shaped and may dry up and grow vegetation

58
Q

What is the flood plain

A

The flood plain is the wide, flat area of land either side of the river in its lower course. The flood plain is formed by both erosion and deposition

59
Q

How is the flood plain formed

A

The wide valley floor on either side which occasionally gets flooded, when the river flood onto the flood plain, the water slows down and deposits the eroded material that its transporting. This makes the flood plain higher. Meanders migrate across the flood plain making it wider, the deposition that happens on the slip off slopes of meanders also builds up the flood plain

60
Q

What are levees

A

Natural embankments of silt along the banks of a river. Levées formed along rivers that flow slowly, carry a large load and periodically flood

61
Q

How are levees formed

A

The river during normal flow remains within the river banks, the valley either side of the channel is flat and wide. The load is carried in suspension. During a period of flood the river flows onto the flood plain. Coarse material is deposited on the edge of the banks as the river loses energy. Fine material will be deposited further out. During a dry period where the river is at flow. The speed will be slow therefore the load will be deposited on the bed. This will repeat many times and will leave raised banks either side of the channel. The flood plain will have layers of materials and will be very fertile

62
Q

Evaporation

A

Process whereby liquid changes to a vapour

63
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation through pores in vegetation

64
Q

Condensation

A

Process where vapour changes to a liquid

65
Q

Precipitation

A

Any form of water eg rain sleet and snow

66
Q

Infiltration

A

Water being absorbed into the soil

67
Q

Surface runoff

A

Movement of water over the land

68
Q

Through flow

A

Water flowing through the soil layer

69
Q

Ground water flow

A

Water that has sunk through the soil into the rocks below the surface

70
Q

Permeable

A

Surfaces that allow infiltration eg grass

71
Q

Impermeable

A

Surfaces that prevent infiltration eg concrete, roads, tarmac

72
Q

What is a flood

A

When a river bursts it’s banks, where the river receives more water than the channel has room for

73
Q

How does deforestation affect flooding

A

Less trees to intercept surface runoff, less transpiration, cut down trees to build cities

74
Q

Physical factors that affect flooding

A

Heavy rainfall, saturated ground, steep relief, snow melting, impermeable rock

75
Q

Human factors that affect flooding

A

Déforestation, urbanisation, imperméable rock

76
Q

How does heavy rainfall affect flooding

A

Infiltration is slow which causes more surface runoff, ground gets saturated, rock may be impermeable

77
Q

Saturated ground affects on flooding

A

Acts as impermeable surface, less infiltration and more surface run off, gets saturated as heavy rainfall

78
Q

Steep relief affect on flooding

A

Water can’t infiltrate land as gradient too steep so water moves too fast, snow falls on mountains then it melts

79
Q

Impermeable rock affect on flooding

A

Water can’t infiltrate, more surface run off, heavy rainfall with impermeable rock floods the ground

80
Q

Urban areas affect on flooding

A

Built up areas makes impermeable surfaces so infiltration is reduced, cut down trees to build land

81
Q

Snow melt affect flooding

A

Water flows quickly and more of it, more surface run off, snow falls on mountains and then melts and falls fast due to the steep gradient

82
Q

Discharge

A

How much water passes through a certain point in the river per second

83
Q

Rising limb

A

Rising flood water in the river

84
Q

Peak rainfall

A

Maximum amount of rainfall

85
Q

Falling limb

A

Decreasing flood water in the river

86
Q

Lag time

A

Time difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

87
Q

Base flow

A

Normal discharge in the river

88
Q

What is a flood hydrograph

A

A line graph and a bar chart that shows how the discharge of a river changes before, during and after a rainfall event

89
Q

What processes from the hydrological cycle are occurring if the time taken for peak rainfall to reach peak discharge is long

A

Infiltration, where precipitation travels through either ground water flow or through flow

90
Q

What processes from the hydrological cycle are occurring if the lag time is short

A

Surface run off from impermeable surfaces

91
Q

What does it mean if the lag time is short

A

Flash flood

92
Q

What happens if the lag time is long

A

No flood

93
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Using man made structures to prevent flooding or natural process from taking place

94
Q

What is soft engineering

A

Involves working with natural river processes to manage the flood risk

95
Q

What is a dam

A

Control natural river flow and hold back flood water in large reservoirs

96
Q

Hard engineering strategies

A

Dams, channel straightening, embankments, flood relief channels

97
Q

Benefits of dams

A

Dammed water can provide hydroelectric power, dammed floodwater can be used for irrigation, reservoirs used for tourism and water supplies

98
Q

Disadvantages of dams

A

Very expensive £500m, sediment can be trapped leading to erosion further downstream, settlements lost

99
Q

What are Embankments

A

Raising the river bank so the channel can hold more water

100
Q

Benefits of embankments

A

Allows the river channel to hold more water, mud from dredging can be used to make the river deeper, cheaper, natural

101
Q

Disadvantages of embankments

A

Not high enough, concrete embankments are ugly, wildlife disrupted

102
Q

What is channel straightening

A

River channel may be straightened so the water can travel faster along the course

103
Q

Benefits of channel straightening

A

Speeds up the flow of water to reduce floods

104
Q

Disadvantages of channel straightening

A

Flooding may happen downstream, more downstream erosion

105
Q

What are flood relief channels

A

Man made river channel constructed to bypass an urban area

106
Q

Benefits of flood relief channels

A

Makes the people who love close feel safe, can be used for water sports

107
Q

Disadvantages of flood relief channels

A

Large amount of land, extremely expensive

108
Q

Soft engineering strategies

A

Floodplain zoning, afforestation, river restoration, flood preparation

109
Q

What is flood plain zoning

A

Low value land allowed to be flooded, houses are safer, less impermeable surfaces close to the flood plain

110
Q

Disadvantages of flood plain zoning

A

Limits building on land close to the river where the land is flat, if a flood plain has already been developed on there isn’t anything you can do

111
Q

What is afforestation

A

Trees are planted near to the river, greater interception of rainwater and lower river discharge and water absorbed by the tree roots

112
Q

Benefits of afforestation

A

Relatively low cost option, enhances the environmental quality of the drainage basin, creates habitats

113
Q

Disadvantages of afforestation

A

take 10-20 years for the trees to grow, lots of space is required for this to be fully effective

114
Q

What is river restoration

A

Involves changing a tier that has undergone hard engineering back to its original course, this can involve un straightening a channel or removing artificial levees

115
Q

Benefits of river restoration

A

Improve the damaged environment, reintroduce wildlife back into the area, land may no longer be valuable

116
Q

River restoration disadvantages

A

Introduce flooding again, land surrounding the river could still be used and will get flooded

117
Q

What is flood warning

A

Environmental agency makes maps identifying areas most at risk from flooding

118
Q

Benefits of flood warning

A

People can prepare and protect

119
Q

Disadvantages of flood warning

A

Insurance, reduce the value of homes in the area

120
Q

Flood management scheme case study

A

Banbury

121
Q

Where is Banbury

A

50km north of oxford, on the flood plain of the river Cherwell, 45,000 live here

122
Q

What happened in Banbury in 1998

A

Railway closure, 150 homes affected, £12.5 million of damage

123
Q

What’s been done to improve Banbury

A

4.5m embankment, flood storage area which holds 1200 Olympic swimming pools, natural flood plain, raised road, control structure which controls flow

124
Q

Benefits of Banbury

A

Reduced anxiety, quality of life improved, business and houses protected, new biodiversity action plan created with ponds and trees

125
Q

Disadvantages of Banbury scheme

A

£18.5 million, part of flood plain Will deliberately be able to flood, 100,000 tonnes of earth required for the embankment

Geography Paper 1 (8 decks)

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