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Geography Paper 1 > SectionA:Challenge of natural hazards > Flashcards

SectionA:Challenge of natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

global atmospheric circulation

A

an aeroplane travels at an altitude of around 10km above the ground surface. Below this the vast majority of the atmospheres mass is below you. The atmosphere- the air above our heads- is a highly complex

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2
Q

How to remember conditions in high pressure

A

Happy- settled weather

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3
Q

High pressure

A

Cool air descends, reduces cloud formation, light wind and settled weather
Air moves clockwise

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4
Q

How to remember low pressure weather conditions

A

Lashing down

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5
Q

Low pressure

A

Hot air rises, evaporation and condensation to form clouds, rains
Air moves anti-clockwise
Unsettled weather-rain

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6
Q

Polar cell occurs between…

A

60 and 90 degrees

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7
Q

What happens to the trade winds at areas of high pressure

A

Move away

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8
Q

A ferrel cell occurs between…

A

30 and 60

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9
Q

A Hadley cell occurs between…

A

0 and 30 are

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10
Q

What do trade winds do at areas of low pressure

A

Move towards

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11
Q

Three names for tropical storms

A

Cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes

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12
Q

What countries would be affected by a cyclone

A

India, Madagascar, Australia

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13
Q

What countries would be affected by a typhoon

A

Japan, south-east Asia, Philippines

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14
Q

What countries would be affected by hurricanes

A

Caribbean, USA

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15
Q

Where do hurricanes get their energy from

A

Warm seas

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16
Q

Temperature of the ocean for hurricanes to form

A

27+

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17
Q

What degrees north of the equator do hurricanes form

A

8 and 20

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18
Q

What ocean do hurricanes form in

A

Centre of the Atlantic

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19
Q

What oceans do typhoons occur in

A

West of the Pacific

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20
Q

What oceans are cyclones formed in

A

South west Pacific and Indian

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21
Q

What happens in the eye of a hurricane

A

A small area where cooler air sings towards the ground and warms up, no clouds here and conditions are calm

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22
Q

Eye wall conditions

A

Tall bank of clouds where there are strong winds, heavy rain, thunder and lightening

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23
Q

How do hurricanes form

A

Strong upward movement of air draws water vapour up from the sea
Air condenses and releases heat which powers the storm and draws up more air from the ocean
The storm develops an eye where air descends rapidly
The evaporated air cools as it rises and condensed to for cumulonimbus clouds
Several small thunderstorms join together, when the winds reach 75mph the storm becomes a tropical storm
As the storm is carried across the ocean by prevailing winds it continues to gather strength. On reaching land the storms energy supply is cut off

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24
Q

What speed to the winds have to reach to become a tropical storm

A

75 mph

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25
Q

When was hurricane Katrina

A

August 2005

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26
Q

About the hurricane

A 
Category 5
175 mph wind speed 
400 miles wide
SE of Louisiana 
Formed in Atlantic
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27
Q

3 primary and secondary effects

A

P: 30 oil platforms destroyed-S: millions of oil leaked due to spills
P:water and gas pipes snapped-S:80% of the city flooded, stayed for weeks
P: over 1800 deaths
S:100,000 left without power

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28
Q

Immediate responses

A

People tried to swim to safety
300,000 couldnt/ wouldn’t leave
Super dôme accommodated 20,000

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29
Q

Long term responses

A

Levees were replaced/ strengthened

Buildings repaired

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30
Q

Monitoring and predicting tropical storms

A

Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs and predict when the hurricane will occur

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31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of monitoring and prediction tropical storms

A 
A- warning to evacuate
A- technology is more accurate 
A- death decrease
D- not always accurate 
D- people may not leave
D- future track is uncertain
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32
Q

Protection

A

Designing buildings that will withstand a hurricane

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33
Q

Protection advantages and disadvantages for tropical storms

A 
A- reduce flood effects
A- people feel safer
A- reduce deaths
D- expensive
D- people may have to travel far
D- buildings may not accommodate enough people
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34
Q

Example of monitoring and predicting tropical storms

A

Hurricane watch

Hurricane warning

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35
Q

Example of protection hurricanes

A

Reinforce windows, doors and roofs
Storm drains to prevent floods
Houses built on stilts

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36
Q

Planning tropical storms

A

Identifying and avoiding places most at risk

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37
Q

Planning advantages and disadvantages tropical storm

A 
A- people know how to respond
A- deaths decreased
A- own responsibility 
D- people may not leave
D- storm path may change
D- messengers may be too late
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38
Q

Example of planning tropical storm

A

Bangladesh have early warning systems by educating locals on storms
Cyclones tracked and warnings issued by radio and social media
People in rural areas can be reached by bike- may be too late

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39
Q

Weather

A

Weather is the atmospheric conditions over a short period of time
Eg today it is cold

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40
Q

Climate

A

The average weather conditions over a long period of time 30-50 years
Eg the arctic has a cold climate

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41
Q

Why does extreme weather occur in the UK

A

Attic winds- heavy snow, bitter cold
America’s winds- storms being heavy rain and strong winds from remains of hurricanes
Mediterranean- hot and sunny, heatwaves and droughts
Russia- severe winter weather comes from the east

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42
Q

Examples of weather hazards

A

Thunderstorm
Strong winds
Drought
Prolonged rainfall

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43
Q

Thunderstorm cause

A

Hurricane remains from Caribbean

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44
Q

Drought cause

A

Period of high temperatures and little/ no rainfall

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45
Q

Heavy snow

A

Freezing temperature lead to snow and ice covers, lower visibility makes roads dangerous

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46
Q

Prolonged rainfall

A

Rainfall over a long period of time can lead to river flood this is common when snow melts

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47
Q

Weather hazard case study

A

Somerset 2014 floods

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48
Q

Where is Somerset

A

South east of the uk

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49
Q

Causes of Somerset

A

350mm of rain fell in January and February, 100 Mm above average
High tides, storm surges prevented water from rivers reaching the sea
Rivers hadn’t been dredged in 20 years

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50
Q

Primary and secondary effects of Somerset

A

600 homes flooded-> residents lived in temporary homes for several months
Local roads cut off-> people couldn’t get to work or school
S: damage estimated £10 million

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51
Q

Immediate responses of Somerset

A

Block doors with sandbags
Evacuate
Locals used boats to get to school

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52
Q

Long term response of Somerset

A

Dredging

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53
Q

How to describe the trend of an average temperature graph

A

General trend

Manipulate data

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54
Q

What could more energy in the atmosphere lead to

A

More intense storms

Atmospheric circulation affected so floods could be brought to dry regions and heatwaves to cool areas

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55
Q

Glacial period

A

When ice sheets have covered extensive parts of the earth

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56
Q

Interglacial

A

Warmer period such as the current era where not as much ice covers the earth

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57
Q

Three physical causes of climate change

A

Orbital changes, solar activity, volcanic activity

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58
Q

Orbital changes

A

Axial tilt- earth spins on it’s axis causing night and day. The angle can change between 21.5 and 24.5
Precession- natural wobble can take 26,000 years
Eccenticity cycle- as the earth orbits the sun can change from circular to elliptical

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59
Q

Solar activity

A

Sunspot is a dark patch on the surface of the sun
When at maximum more heat given off
When at minimum less heat given off
Can change from min to max in 11 years

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60
Q

Volcanic activity

A

Violent éruptions blast huge quantities of ash and gas into the atmosphere
Volcanic ash can block the sun which reduces the earths temperatures

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61
Q

Human causes of climate change

A

Increase in
CO2
Methane
Nitrous oxide

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62
Q

CO2

A

Deforestation
Burning fossil fuels
Car exhausts

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63
Q

Methane

A

Rice farming
Livestock
Decaying organic matter

64
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Sewage treatment
Car exhausts
Power stations producing electricity

65
Q

Climate change evidence birds

A

Bird migration is changing

65 species of birds are nesting on average 9 days earlier in the mid 1990s than in 1970s

66
Q

Climate change evidence glaciers

A

Glaciers are shrinking and retreating

Estimated some will completely disappear by 2035

67
Q

Climate change evidence sea level

A

Global sea level has risen 15 cm in the last 100 years. This is because
When temperatures rise and fresh water melts more water flows to the seas from glaciers
When ocean water warm it expands in volume- thermal expansion

68
Q

What is mitigation

A

Reducing the severity and seriousness of climate change

69
Q

Mitigation strategies

A

Alternative energy sources, planting trees, international agreements

70
Q

Alternative energy sources facts

A

Hydroelectric/ nuclear/ solar
Reduce CO2 émissions
UK aim- 15% of energy from renewable sources by 2020

71
Q

What is a carbon sink

A

Natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere

72
Q

Planting trees facts

A

Trees act as carbon sinks removing CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. Trees also release moisture into the atmosphere

73
Q

International agreement facts

A

2005- Kyoto protocol. 170 countries agreed to reduce emission by 5.3%
2015- Paris agreement. 195 countries keep global temp increase below 2 degrees

74
Q

Adaptation

A

Make changes to prepare for the effects

75
Q

Types of adaptation

A

Managing water supply, reducing risk from sea level rise

76
Q

Managing water supply facts

A

Planting shade trees to protect seedlings from the sun
Drought resistant crops eg maize
Educating farmers

77
Q

Reducing risk from sea level rise facts

A

Relocating populations

Sea wall construction

78
Q

Why do sea levels need to be managed

A

As by 2100 sea levels are expected to rise by a further 26-82 cm

79
Q

Monitoring tectonics

A

Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs

80
Q

Volcano monitoring

A

Remote sensing- satellites detect heat and changes to shape
Seismicity- records earthquakes
Gas- instruments detect changes in gas
VERDICT: many ways, successful

81
Q

Earthquakes monitoring

A

Generally occur without wanting
Minor tremors prior, slight changes in water pressure
VERDICT: havent discovered ways to monitor earthquakes yet

82
Q

Prediction tectonics

A

Using historical evidence to make predictions

83
Q

Prediction volcano

A

Historical evidence
Monitoring to detect changes
Verdict: used with monitoring, without monitoring prediction would be so hard

84
Q

Earthquakes prediction

A

Lack of warning signs
Historical records at plate margins identify places at greater risks
Verdict: impossible to predict, hard to evacuate

85
Q

Protection tectonics

A

Designing buildings that will withstand tectonics

86
Q

Volcano protection

A

Earth embankment to form a barrier
Explosives divert lava away from properties
Verdict: only works with thin runny lava

87
Q

Earthquakes protection

A

Construct buildings and bridges to resist ground shaking
Reinforced with steel to reduce movement
Verdict: earthquakes don’t kill, buildings do

88
Q

Planning tectonics

A

Identifying and avoiding places most at risk

89
Q

Planning volcanoes

A

Hazard maps designed for areas most affected
Certain areas can avoid being built on
Verdict: nobody in affected area isn’t a hazard but people then can’t benefit from the volcano

90
Q

Earthquake planning

A

Maps produced, high value land can be protected

Verdict: earthquake can occur at different locations so hard to plan

91
Q

Natural hazard

A

A natural event that has an impact on people and human activities

92
Q

Atmospheric hazards

A

Cyclone, forest fire, lightening, thunderstorm, hurricane, hailstone, drought, tornado

93
Q

Geological hazard

A

Volcanic eruption, landslide, avalanche, tsunami, earthquake

94
Q

Flooding hazard

A

Flood

95
Q

Types of natural hazard

A

Atmospheric, geological, flooding

96
Q

Hazard risk

A

Likelihood of being affected by a natural event or

97
Q

What factors can affect risk

A

Urbanisation, poverty, climate change, farming

98
Q

Urbanisation risk

A

Growth of towns and cities
Increase hazards as more people would be affected. 50% of worlds population lives in cities, buildings close together, can cause domino effect

99
Q

Poverty risk

A

Extremely poor
- May force people to live in areas of high risk, houses less stable and collapse easier. People get trapped, not enough healthcare so people die

100
Q

Climate change risk

A

Change in the worlds weather pattern

- when the weather is warmer the atmosphere has more energy so there are more extreme storms

101
Q

Farming risk

A

When a river floods it deposits silt and makes land fertile meaning crops grow better however there is a risk of flooding if you live there

102
Q

Human developments that would increase risk of people being affected by natural hazards

A

Urbanisation, poverty, farming

103
Q

Environmental developments that would increase risk of people being affected by natural hazards

A

Climate change, farming

104
Q

Earthquake

A

Sudden and short period of intense ground shaking the

105
Q

How to describe the distribution of earthquakes

A

Clustered/ linear/ scattered

Then compass points

106
Q

What is distribution

A

The way something is spread over an area

107
Q

Segments of the earths crust

A

Tectonic plates

108
Q

How many km thick is continental crust

A

25-90

109
Q

Type of rock is continental crust made from

A

Granite

110
Q

How many km thick is oceanic

A

6

111
Q

Type of rock is oceanic made from

A

Basalt

112
Q

What moves the plates

A

Convection currents in the mantle in

113
Q

Three directions the plates move

A

Apart, towards, slide past

114
Q

What features can occur due to the movement of plates

A

Mountain ranges
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Island

115
Q

Hawaii is an example of what

A

A hotspot

116
Q

How far have the plates moved apart since 1492

A

25 m

117
Q

Characteristics of oceanic

A

Denser
Thinner
Renewed and destroyed

118
Q

Characteristics of continental

A

Older
Thicker
Less dense

119
Q

What are convection currents

A

Created by heat from the core

Hot magma rises then cools and sinks and drags the plates- separating them

120
Q

Type of crust destructive

A

Oceanic and continental

121
Q

Type of crust constructive

A

Oceanic and oceanic

122
Q

Direction of movement constructive

A

Apart

123
Q

Structure created constructive

A

Shield volcanoes

124
Q

Example constructive

A

North America and Eurasian

125
Q

Types of plate boundaries

A

Constructive, destructive, conservative

126
Q

Movement destructive

A

Together

127
Q

Features created destructive

A

Earthquakes composite volcanoes mountains tsunamis

128
Q

Example destructive

A

Nazca and South American

129
Q

Key word destructive

A

Subduction zone/ subducted

130
Q

Conservative crust

A

Any

131
Q

Conservative direction

A

Sliding past

132
Q

Features conservative

A

Earthquakes

133
Q

Example conservative

A

Pacific and North American

134
Q

HIC earthquake study

A

Chile

135
Q

When did chile occur

A

2010

136
Q

Duration chile

A

3 mins

137
Q

Plate boundary chile

A

Destructive

138
Q

4 primary effects chile

A

500 deaths
56 hospitals collapsed
220,000 homes destroyed
Cost US $30 billion

139
Q

Three secondary effects

A

No healthcare
Lost power water and communication
Homelessness

140
Q

Immediate responses

A

Power and water restored to 90% in 10 days

Temporary repairs made to highways within 24 hours

141
Q

Long term responses

A

A month after the government launched a housing reconstruction to help house holds affected
President will take 4 years to recover damage

142
Q

What caused the chile earthquake

A

Nazca subducted under SA plate

143
Q

Environmental effects of chile

A

Pollution
Habitats
Floods

144
Q

Social effects of chile

A 
Education 
Housing 
Transport 
Health 
Clean water
Sanitation
145
Q

Economic effects chile

A

Employment
Taxes
Income
Business/industry

146
Q

Nepal Richter scale

A

7.8

147
Q

Nepal date

A

2015

148
Q

Duration chile

A

50 seconds

149
Q

Plate boundary Nepal

A

Destructive

150
Q

Nepal plate boundary

A

Indo Australian and Eurasian

151
Q

Primary effects Nepal

A

Over 9000 killed
50% shops destroyed
Cost $5 billion

152
Q

Secondary effects Nepal

A

Avalanches killed 19
1.4 million needed food, water and shelter
Landslide blocked Gandaki river

153
Q

Immediate response nepal

A

Helicopters rescued many people from avalanches
Half a million tents needed to provide shelter
Search and rescue quickly arrived from UK India and China

154
Q

Long term responses Nepal

A

Repairs to Mount Everest 4 months later

International conference held to discuss reconstruction and seek support from other countries

155
Q

Economic factors affecting risk

A

People living in poverty have other things to worry about
Housing is cheaper in some of these areas
Tectonic features can attract tourists which would be a good source of income for people living in poverty

156
Q

Social factors affecting risks

A

People living in poverty have other things to worry about
Some people may not be aware of the risks of living close to a plate margin
Better building design can withstand earthquakes so people feel less at risk
Earthquake and volcanic eruptions do not happen very often they aren’t seen as a great threat in people lives

157
Q

Environmental factors living with the risk

A

volcanoes bring benefits such as fertile souls rocks for building and hot water
Fault line associated with earthquakes can allow water supplies to reach the surface
Plate margins are often in favourable areas for settlements such as coastal areas

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