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Geography Paper 1 > SectionB: Living World > Flashcards

SectionB: Living World Flashcards

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1
Q

ecosystem definition

A

An ecosystem is a community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment

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2
Q

biotic

A

living

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3
Q

abiotic

A

non-living

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4
Q

biotic factor example

A

plants and animals

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5
Q

abiotic factor example

A

soil light and water

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6
Q

producer definition

A

an organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis

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7
Q

consumer definition

A

a creature that eats herbivores and/or plant matter

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8
Q

decomposer definition

A

an organism such as a bacterium or fungus that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled back into the environment, recycle nutrients back into the soil

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9
Q

food chain definition

A

the connections between different organisms that rely on one another as their source of food

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10
Q

food web definition

A

a complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food

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11
Q

2things that happen as you go up the trophic levels

A

energy decreases

biomass decreases

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12
Q

case study ecosystem

A

freshwater pond

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13
Q

example of a food chain in a freshwater pond

A

algae, mayfly, caddis,fish, kingfisher

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14
Q

what would happen if a pond owner added a new predator, perch, into the ecosystem

A

amount of fish would decrease
heron would decrease as their food has decreased
increase in smaller creatures as there will be less predators

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15
Q

biome definition

A

a large global ecosystem e.g. desert, tropical rainforest

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16
Q

tropical rainforest distribution

A

close to the Equator
high temperature and heavy rainfall
South America

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17
Q

desert distribution

A

roughly 30 degrees north and south of the equator
Antarctica=largest cold desert
Sahara=largest hot desert

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18
Q

savanna grassland distribution

A

between 15-30 degrees north and south of the equator
wet and dry seasons
wildfires when dry
thunderstorms when wet

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19
Q

Mediterranean distribution

A

40-45 degrees of the equator
hot sunny dry summers
mild winters
olive trees and fruit trees grow here

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20
Q

biome formation

A

parallel to lines of latitude, this is due to the climate they need to be formed by global atmospheric circulation

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21
Q

temperate coniferous and deciduous woodland distribution

A

roughly 30-40 degrees north of the equator
deciduous shed leaves in the winter to maintain moisture
Europe

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22
Q

tundra distribution

A

60-70 degrees north from the arctic circle
low growing plants
northern canada and across northern europe

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23
Q

polar distribution

A

acrtic, antarctica and greenland. above the arctic and antactic circle

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24
Q

how does latitude influence the location of global ecosystems

A

between polar and ferrell- the suns rays are concentrated over a larger area so it is colder
hadley- suns rays are concentrated over a small area so it is hot

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25
Q

biomes listed from north to south

A 
polar 
tundra
t.d woodland 
mediterranean
desert
savanna grassland 
tropical rainforests
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26
Q

what type of climate does the rainforest have

A

equatorial

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27
Q

biodiversity definition

A

the variety of plants and animals species in a biome or ecosystem

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28
Q

how many of the world’s plants and animals live in the rainforest

A

over 50%

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29
Q

what is the soil like in the rainforest

A

heavy rainfall leaches away nutrients leaving an infertile iron-rich soil

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30
Q

what is the soil in the rainforest called

A

latosol

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31
Q

characteristics of the emergent layer

A

plants reach 60m in height
trees have buttress roots to stabilise them
animals=eagles,monkeys and bats

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32
Q

characteristics of the canopy

A

plants are 25-45m in height
leaves have drip tips
leaves are large to absorb light

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33
Q

characteristics of the under canopy

A

plants recieve 2-15% of sunlight
10m in height
lianas climb trees to get to sunlight

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34
Q

characteristics of the forest floor

A

plants only get 1-2% sunlight
air is damp and humid- little rainfall
3.5m plants
animals=cockroaches, beetles and earthworms

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35
Q

plant adaptation of height

A

tall to reach sunlight

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36
Q

plant adaptation of drip tips

A

to drip water to lower layers

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37
Q

plant adaptation of a straight trunk and little branches

A

as there is no room to fully grow

38
Q

plant adaptation of lianas

A

to reach sunlight

39
Q

plant adaptation of buttress roots

A

stabilise the tree

nutrients on the surface

40
Q

plant adaptation of shallow roots

A

soil is latosol and is infertile

41
Q

what are epiphytes

A

live on trunks and branches
get nutrients from other trees
search for sunlight

42
Q

sloth adaptations

A

very slow so its unseen
strong long arms to climb
green algae to camouflage
sleep 15-20 hours a day to conserve energy

43
Q

poison dart frog adaptations

A

bright colours to warn predators
secrete enough toxin to kill 100 humans
suction pods to cling to trees

44
Q

deforestation definition

A

permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses

45
Q

where is deforestation happening the most

A

Brazil and Indonesia

they account for 40% of deforestation

46
Q

6 causes of deforestation in Malaysia

A 
logging 
mining 
hydro-electric power 
population pressure 
subsistence farming 
commercial
47
Q

causes of deforestation in Malaysia- logging

A

log timber- build homes and pulp- to make paper
Malaysia became the world’s largets tropical wood exporter in the 1980’s
they have shifted to selective logging so only fully grown trees can be felled

48
Q

causes of deforestation in Malaysia- mining

A

they mainly extract tin and metal
metals are extracted by smelting, bull dozing and chemicals to join metals
more recently in borneo oil and gas have been extracted

49
Q

causes of deforestation in Malaysia- hydro-electric power

A

in 2011 they opened the Bakun Dam which was 205m, the highest outside of China
700 square km of farmland was flooded to build the dam
the benefits of HEP is that it is renewable energy and supplies energy for industrial Malaysia

50
Q

causes of deforestation in Malaysia- population pressure

A

in the past it was encouraged to move to the countryside to ease pressure on the growing cities
between 1950-1980 37,000 sq/km acres of land cut down
infrastructure, roads,shops, schools and hospitals were developed to provide for the movement of people

51
Q

causes of deforestation in Malaysia- subsistence farming

A

subsistence farming is poor farmers relying on clearing rainforest to the farm the land to feed families
slash and burn is felling then burning areas of rainforest which causes out of control fires
land is cleared for a few years then farmed, nutrients extracted through leaching

52
Q

causes of deforestation in Malaysia- commercial farming

A

palm oil platations is to blame for 6 million acres lost in Borneo (39% of forests)
plantation owners are given tax insentives to encourage deforestation
palm oil is used for processed food, cosmetics and cleaning products

53
Q

9 impacts of deforestation in Malaysia

A 
global warming
losing oxygen
desertification
loss of habitats
lack of medicine 
homeless tribes 
loss of biodiversity
shortage of food 
soil erosion
54
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia global warming

A

global warming has increased as there are less trees to photosynthesise

55
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia losing oxygen

A

the rainforest provides 20% of the global oxygen

56
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia desertification

A

as there is no vegetation to absorb rain so the ground is baked hard by the sun, farmers will lose their jobs as crops can’t be grown

57
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia loss of habitats

A

70% of the world’s plants and animals live in tropical forests and they are losing their habitats

58
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia lack of medicine

A

could mean the end of medical research and local populations who rely on the animals and plants in the forests for hunting and medicine

59
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia homeless tribes

A

tribes homes and hunting grounds will be destroyed, some tribes may be killed by the workers when defending their homes

60
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia loss of biodiversity

A

many plants and animals could become extinct e.g. Pandas

61
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia shortage of food

A

exotic foods will become rarer and more expensive

62
Q

impacts of deforestation in Malaysia soil erosion

A

soil is now loos and therefore is prone to leaching and wind erosion, this dramatically reduces the likelihood of replantation

63
Q

sustainable definition

A

actions to meet the demands of the present without comprimising the ability of future generations’ needs

64
Q

why should rainforests be protected for future generations biodiversity

A

half of plants and animals live here

65
Q

why should rainforests be protected for future generations water

A

20% of fresh water is from the amazon basin

66
Q

why should rainforests be protected for future generations medicine

A

2000 plants could have healing properties

25% of all medicine has came from here

67
Q

why should rainforests be protected for future generations uses of trees

A

natural resources

68
Q

why should rainforests be protected for future generations global warming

A

so climate change is prevented
if trees are cut down then more carbon dioxide will be released which is a greenhouse gas so will contribute to global warming and produce effects such as the ice caps melting

69
Q

why should rainforests be protected for future generations tribes

A

indigenous people could become extinct, they are currently harmless

70
Q

sustainable management of deforestation international agreements- FSC

A

forest stewardship council
means it comes from legal, well-managed forests
is on everything from garden furniture and DIY materials to toilet tissue and stationary

71
Q

sustainable management of deforestation international agreements-Debt reduction

A

countries can be encouraged to conserve areas of rainforest in exchange for a reduction of their national debt
2010 the USA signed an agreement to convert a brazilian debt of £13.5 million into a fund to protect large areas of tropical rainforest

72
Q

sustainable management of deforestation selective logging

A

as opposed to clear felling, only the tallest fully grown trees are felled, this was introduced in Malaysia in 1977

73
Q

sustainable management of deforestation conservation and education

A

the rainforest can be preserved in conservation areas such as national parks or nature reserves, these areas can be used for education, scientific research and tourism
recently large international businesses have supported conservation projects in exchange for carrying out scientific research or the provision of raw materials

74
Q

sustainable management of deforestation ecotourism

A

through income generated by ecotourism, local people and government benefit from retaining and protecting the rainforest trees, this is a more sustainable option than cutting them down for short-term profit. It minimises environmental damage and employs local people

75
Q

cold environment definition

A

cold environments experience temperatures which are at or below 0 degrees for long periods of time

76
Q

example of a cold environment

A

Antarctica which experiences temperatures below zero throughout the year. In addition Northern Canada which experiences cold winters

77
Q

what biomes consist of cold environments

A

polar and tundra

78
Q

polar climate

A

winter below -50 degrees, low precipitation

79
Q

tundra climate

A

winter -20 degrees
brief summers can be quite warm
precipitation (snow) can be high

80
Q

polar soil

A

permanently covered by ice so will be frozen throughout the year

81
Q

tundra soil

A

permafrost but will melt in the summer on the surface releasing carbon dioxide
water logged as water is trapped by the permafrost

82
Q

polar plants

A

moss can be found on the edges of ice

83
Q

tundra plants

A

low growing flowering plants such as bearberries

low bushes and small trees may grow in warmer regions

84
Q

polar animals

A

polar bears are adaptated to retain heat with their thick fur
penguins lay eggs on land and bring up their young before returning to the ocean

85
Q

tundra animals

A

more food options so arctic fox and arctic hares live here

birds and insects are more common in the summer

86
Q

arctic fur adaptations

A

deep thick fur and short legs and ears to keep warm and reduce heat loss
white fur to camouflage

87
Q

polar bear adaptations

A

42 teeth to hunt
large paws to swim
white fur to camouflage
4 inches of fat for warmth

88
Q

cold environment case study

A

Svalbard

89
Q

where is Svalbard

A

Norweigan territory in the Arctic ocean and the most northernly inhaibted group of islands in the world
located to the east of greenland and the north-east of the UK

90
Q

longyerbyen population

A

2700

91
Q

opportunities for development

A

mining
tourism
energy production
fishing

92
Q

challenges for development

A

extreme temperatures
construction
services
accessibility

Geography Paper 1 (8 decks)

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