Section One: 1. The Earth, 2. Aeronautical Charts Flashcards
1
Q
What name is given to the point at which the Earth is closest to the Sun in its orbit?
A
Perihelion
2
Q
What name is given to the point at which the Earth is furthest to the Sun in its orbit?
A
Aphelion
3
Q
The Earth’s axial tilt means the sun’s position changes in what manner?
A
Latitudinally
4
Q
In the Northern Hemisphere’s Summer solstice, where does the Sun appear directly overhead at noon?
A
Tropic of Cancer
5
Q
In the Northern Hemisphere’s Winter solstice, where does the Sun appear directly overhead at noon?
A
Tropic of Capricorn
6
Q
At the spring and autumn equinox, the Sun appears directly overhead where?
A
Equator
7
Q
In reality, the Earth is what kind of shape?
A
A flattened spheroid
8
Q
The Earth rotates around which axis?
A
Polar axis
9
Q
For the purposes of practical navigation, the North Pole is the direction of…
A
True North
10
Q
Basic reference for longitude
A
Greenwich Meridian
11
Q
Greenwich Meridian is otherwise known as what?
A
Prime Meridian
12
Q
The longitude of 180 degrees E/W is otherwise known as what?
A
Anti-meridian
13
Q
Longitude is the angle between?
A
A location’s meridian of longitude and the Prime Meridian
14
Q
The angle between a location’s meridian of longitude and the Prime Meridian is known as what?
A
Longitude
15
Q
Slices of the Earth in longitude are given what term?
A
Meridian
16
Q
Slices of the Earth in latitude are given what term?
A
Parallel
17
Q
The North and South Poles are what degree of Latitude, respectively?
A
90 degrees
18
Q
How is the degree of Latitude calculated?
A
Angle between the plane of the Equator and the line drawn to the parallel of Latitude at the Earth’s surface
19
Q
What is a Great Circle?
A
A plane passing through the centre of the Earth when represented by a sphere
20
Q
Meridians of longitude and the Equator can be described as what?
A
Great Circles
21
Q
What are some navigational examples of Great Circles?
A
Meridians of Longitude and the Equator
22
Q
The shortest distance between any two points on the Eath’s surface lie on what plane?
A
A Great Circle
23
Q
Great Circles have two major properties:
A
Shortest distance between two points
There can only be one Great Circle (except between antipodal points)
24
Q
Two locations that lie on exact opposite sides of the Earth are known as?
A
Antipodal points
25
Parallel of Latitudes can be described as what kinds of distances?
Small Circles
26
Example of Small Circles
Parallel of Latitudes
27
How is a specific plane through the Earth not a Small Circle?
It does not pass through the centre of the Earth
28
A spherical plane between two points that does not pass through the centre of the Earth is known as what?
Small Circle
29
What is the normal reference direction from which angles are measured?
True North
30
The distance between latitudes increases with what direction?
Heading towards the Equator (from either north or south)
31
What is the term given to the angle of inclination of two meridians at a latitude?
Convergence
32
Convergence = 0 where?
Equator
33
Why is there no longitudinal convergence at the Equator?
The meridians are parallel
34
Why is there full longitudinal convergence at the Poles?
The Poles are where the meridians 'meet'
35
How is convergence calculated between two meridians at the poles?
The latitudinal angle between them at the Equator = convergence at the poles
36
What term is given to a line between two points that maintains a constant angle of direction relative to true north?
Rhumb line
37
3 instances when Great Circle line = Rhumb line
Flights along meridian of longitude
Flights along the Equator
Short distance flights
38
Why is the Great Circle of a flight along a meridian of longitude also its rhumb line?
All meridians are arcs of great circles
39
On a rhumb line flight, what will constantly change?
The track bearing
40
The Decimal Degree coordinate notation appends a negative '-' sign to which directions?
South and West
41
The Decimal Degree coordinate notation appends a negative '+' sign to which directions?
North and East
42
1 nautical mile is equivalent to...
The angular distance of 1 minute of arc on the Earth's surface
43
1 minute of latitude at any point on the Earth is equivalent to
1 nautical mile
44
Why does a nautical mile change in different locations?
The Earth is not a perfect sphere
45
How many feet in an international nm?
6076
46
How many metres in an international nm?
1852
47
1 degree of longitude is equal to what distance at the Equator?
60nm
48
1 degree of longitude is only equivalent to 60nm where?
Equator
49
What happens to the distance between degrees of longitude as you move further from the Equator?
The distance decreases (from 60nm)
50
What is the name given to a line that crosses all meridians of longitude at the same angle?
Rhumb line
51
A chart that preserves the angular relationships of the Earth's features is described as what?
Conformal
52
What term is given to a map that views the Earth from 'above' (i.e. looking down from the North Pole)
Conic projection
53
Why does significant scale distortion occur with Standard Mercator Projection maps at higher latitudes?
Meridians converge at a greater angle so the map distorts
54
Highly detailed charts (such as the UK's 1:250 000 aero-chart) use what version of map projection?
Transverse Mercator Projection
55
The Transerve Mercator Projection 'wraps' a cylinder at what relation to the Earth
The cylinder is wrapped so its sides are parallel to the plane of the Equator
56
Airspace information on UK 1:500 000 charts are given up to what level?
FL195
57
Airspace information on UK 1:250 000 charts are given up to what level?
FL50
58
An ATZ is only active when?
During the notified hours of operation of the ASTU (or A/G)
59
Free-fall parachuting can take place up to what level?
FL150
60
The large blue numbers in each quadrant of a chart are given what term?
Maximum Elevation Figures
61
MEFs appear on a chart at what interval?
Half a degree
62
Is the MEF a safety altitude?
No
63
Generally, a safety altitude is calculated using what?
MEF + 1000ft
64
Lines of equal magnetic variation are known as what?
Isogonals
65
An aerodome symbol with a larger circle and a 't' by it denote what?
Training aerodrome
66
An aerodome symbol with a larger circle and a 'u' by it denote what?
An aerodrome with unusual activity
67
Aerodrome symbols given in purple instead of the normal blue denotes what?
Government-operated
68
A symbol of a circle with an 'M' in the middle denotes what?
Microlight flying site
69
Elevations of aerodromes on charts are given in what measurement?
Feet above Mean Sea Level
70
A gliding site with just a G and no altitude markings means what?
Gliding takes place without launch cables
71
A blue circular symbol with a bat-like symbol in the middle denotes what?
Hang/para gliding
72
In airspace markings on charts, broad banding denotes what?
Boundary of controlled airspace
73
In airspace markings on charts, narrow banding denotes what?
Level changes within the boundary
74
A '+' symbol on airspace markings means the airspace's upper vertical limit is..?
FL195
75
An area of a TMZ is marked by what?
Line of magenta semicircles
76
An area of a RMZ is marked by what?
Line of blue semicircles
77
An area of a RMZ/TMZ is marked by what?
Line of alternate blue and magenta semicircles
78
On a chart, a line of magenta semicircles indicates the boundary of a what?
TMZ
79
On a chart, a line of blue semicircles indicates the boundary of a what?
RMZ
80
On a chart, cables are indicated by what?
Zig-zag line
81
A flarestack's flame could extend up to what?
600ft above the installation
82
Is a military aerodrome's ATZ automatically part of a MATZ?
No
83
Important point to remember when transiting a MATZ?
You will require separate permission to enter the ATZ within the MATZ
84
On a chart, a VOR compass rose is orientated in what manner?
To magentic north
85
What does HIRTA stand for?
High Intensity Radio Transmission Area
86
What does GVS stand for?
Gas Venting Site
87
A cross-hatched area on a chart with bold boundary indicates a what?
Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area
88
Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area are indicated by what on a chart?
Cross-hatched area with bold boundary
89
A Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area activated by NOTAM are shown with what?
Broken boundary lines
90
A broken boundary line on a Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area means what?
The Area is activated by NOTAM
91
The strange 'S' symbol on a Danger area denotes what?
En-route Danger Area Information Service is available
92
Danger Area Information Service is known as what?
DAAIS
93
DAAIS stands for?
Danger Area Information Service
94
A red cross on a Danger Area description denotes what?
A Danger Area Crossing Service (DACS) is available
95
DACS stands for?
Danger Area Crossing Service
96
On a chart, red lines mark what?
Roads
97
On a chart, black lines mark what?
Railways
98
On a chart, yellow dots mark what?
Small villages
99
On a chart, 'PS' marks what?
Power station
100
Contours on the 1:500 000 chart occur at what interval?
500ft AMSL
101
A Lambert projection is best used for map presentation of what?
Mid-latitudes
102
Technical term for calculation involving distances at latitudes?
Departure
103
Departure calculation
Change in Longitude (Minutes) x Cosine of Latitude
104
Rhumb lines cross all meridians of longitude at...
The same angle
105
One Nautical Mile is defined as:
A change of latitude of one minute
106
A change of latitude of one minute is known as
A Nautical Mile
107
In cartography, what term defines the accuracy of directions on a map?
Conformity
108
In cartography, what term defines the accuracy of scale (distances) on a map?
Equivalence
109
A straight line on a Lambert map represents a
Great Circle
110
A map's straight line represents a Great Circle constantly. What kind of map is this?
Lambert
111
Lambert pros/cons
Pro: conformity
Con: equivalence
112
A Lambert map's equivalence is only accurate where?
Standard Parallels
113
What are standard parallels?
Where the Lambert map's 'cone' touches the Earth's surface and subsequently where equivalence is only accurate
114
Direct Mercator pros/cons
Pro:
Con: Conformity and Equivalence
115
Direct Mercator's straight lines are..
Rhumb lines
116
Why are the disadvantages of Direct Mercator maps often ignored?
Direct Mercator maps are mostly used for small-scale navigation
117
What are parallel in Direct Mercator maps?
Meridians of Longitude
118
What are parallel in Transverse Mercator maps?
Meridians of Longitude
119
On Mercator maps, what are forced to be equidistant?
Parallels of latitude
120
On standard CAA 1:500,000 charts, the quadrants are what dimensions
30 minutes x 30 minutes
121
How many feet in a nm?
6080
122
In Lambert maps, long and lat cross at
Right angles
123
All things marked on the aviation char denote the the upper levels as
ALWAYS an altitude in thousands of feet
