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PPL Navigation > Section One: 1. The Earth, 2. Aeronautical Charts > Flashcards

Section One: 1. The Earth, 2. Aeronautical Charts Flashcards

1
Q

What name is given to the point at which the Earth is closest to the Sun in its orbit?

A

Perihelion

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2
Q

What name is given to the point at which the Earth is furthest to the Sun in its orbit?

A

Aphelion

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3
Q

The Earth’s axial tilt means the sun’s position changes in what manner?

A

Latitudinally

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4
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere’s Summer solstice, where does the Sun appear directly overhead at noon?

A

Tropic of Cancer

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5
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere’s Winter solstice, where does the Sun appear directly overhead at noon?

A

Tropic of Capricorn

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6
Q

At the spring and autumn equinox, the Sun appears directly overhead where?

A

Equator

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7
Q

In reality, the Earth is what kind of shape?

A

A flattened spheroid

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8
Q

The Earth rotates around which axis?

A

Polar axis

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9
Q

For the purposes of practical navigation, the North Pole is the direction of…

A

True North

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10
Q

Basic reference for longitude

A

Greenwich Meridian

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11
Q

Greenwich Meridian is otherwise known as what?

A

Prime Meridian

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12
Q

The longitude of 180 degrees E/W is otherwise known as what?

A

Anti-meridian

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13
Q

Longitude is the angle between?

A

A location’s meridian of longitude and the Prime Meridian

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14
Q

The angle between a location’s meridian of longitude and the Prime Meridian is known as what?

A

Longitude

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15
Q

Slices of the Earth in longitude are given what term?

A

Meridian

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16
Q

Slices of the Earth in latitude are given what term?

A

Parallel

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17
Q

The North and South Poles are what degree of Latitude, respectively?

A

90 degrees

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18
Q

How is the degree of Latitude calculated?

A

Angle between the plane of the Equator and the line drawn to the parallel of Latitude at the Earth’s surface

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19
Q

What is a Great Circle?

A

A plane passing through the centre of the Earth when represented by a sphere

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20
Q

Meridians of longitude and the Equator can be described as what?

A

Great Circles

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21
Q

What are some navigational examples of Great Circles?

A

Meridians of Longitude and the Equator

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22
Q

The shortest distance between any two points on the Eath’s surface lie on what plane?

A

A Great Circle

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23
Q

Great Circles have two major properties:

A

Shortest distance between two points
There can only be one Great Circle (except between antipodal points)

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24
Q

Two locations that lie on exact opposite sides of the Earth are known as?

A

Antipodal points

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25
Q

Parallel of Latitudes can be described as what kinds of distances?

A

Small Circles

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26
Q

Example of Small Circles

A

Parallel of Latitudes

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27
Q

How is a specific plane through the Earth not a Small Circle?

A

It does not pass through the centre of the Earth

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28
Q

A spherical plane between two points that does not pass through the centre of the Earth is known as what?

A

Small Circle

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29
Q

What is the normal reference direction from which angles are measured?

A

True North

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30
Q

The distance between latitudes increases with what direction?

A

Heading towards the Equator (from either north or south)

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31
Q

What is the term given to the angle of inclination of two meridians at a latitude?

A

Convergence

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32
Q

Convergence = 0 where?

A

Equator

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33
Q

Why is there no longitudinal convergence at the Equator?

A

The meridians are parallel

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34
Q

Why is there full longitudinal convergence at the Poles?

A

The Poles are where the meridians ‘meet’

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35
Q

How is convergence calculated between two meridians at the poles?

A

The latitudinal angle between them at the Equator = convergence at the poles

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36
Q

What term is given to a line between two points that maintains a constant angle of direction relative to true north?

A

Rhumb line

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37
Q

3 instances when Great Circle line = Rhumb line

A

Flights along meridian of longitude
Flights along the Equator
Short distance flights

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38
Q

Why is the Great Circle of a flight along a meridian of longitude also its rhumb line?

A

All meridians are arcs of great circles

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39
Q

On a rhumb line flight, what will constantly change?

A

The track bearing

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40
Q

The Decimal Degree coordinate notation appends a negative ‘-‘ sign to which directions?

A

South and West

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41
Q

The Decimal Degree coordinate notation appends a negative ‘+’ sign to which directions?

A

North and East

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42
Q

1 nautical mile is equivalent to…

A

The angular distance of 1 minute of arc on the Earth’s surface

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43
Q

1 minute of latitude at any point on the Earth is equivalent to

A

1 nautical mile

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44
Q

Why does a nautical mile change in different locations?

A

The Earth is not a perfect sphere

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45
Q

How many feet in an international nm?

A

6076

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46
Q

How many metres in an international nm?

A

1852

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47
Q

1 degree of longitude is equal to what distance at the Equator?

A

60nm

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48
Q

1 degree of longitude is only equivalent to 60nm where?

A

Equator

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49
Q

What happens to the distance between degrees of longitude as you move further from the Equator?

A

The distance decreases (from 60nm)

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50
Q

What is the name given to a line that crosses all meridians of longitude at the same angle?

A

Rhumb line

51
Q

A chart that preserves the angular relationships of the Earth’s features is described as what?

A

Conformal

52
Q

What term is given to a map that views the Earth from ‘above’ (i.e. looking down from the North Pole)

A

Conic projection

53
Q

Why does significant scale distortion occur with Standard Mercator Projection maps at higher latitudes?

A

Meridians converge at a greater angle so the map distorts

54
Q

Highly detailed charts (such as the UK’s 1:250 000 aero-chart) use what version of map projection?

A

Transverse Mercator Projection

55
Q

The Transerve Mercator Projection ‘wraps’ a cylinder at what relation to the Earth

A

The cylinder is wrapped so its sides are parallel to the plane of the Equator

56
Q

Airspace information on UK 1:500 000 charts are given up to what level?

A

FL195

57
Q

Airspace information on UK 1:250 000 charts are given up to what level?

A

FL50

58
Q

An ATZ is only active when?

A

During the notified hours of operation of the ASTU (or A/G)

59
Q

Free-fall parachuting can take place up to what level?

A

FL150

60
Q

The large blue numbers in each quadrant of a chart are given what term?

A

Maximum Elevation Figures

61
Q

MEFs appear on a chart at what interval?

A

Half a degree

62
Q

Is the MEF a safety altitude?

A

No

63
Q

Generally, a safety altitude is calculated using what?

A

MEF + 1000ft

64
Q

Lines of equal magnetic variation are known as what?

A

Isogonals

65
Q

An aerodome symbol with a larger circle and a ‘t’ by it denote what?

A

Training aerodrome

66
Q

An aerodome symbol with a larger circle and a ‘u’ by it denote what?

A

An aerodrome with unusual activity

67
Q

Aerodrome symbols given in purple instead of the normal blue denotes what?

A

Government-operated

68
Q

A symbol of a circle with an ‘M’ in the middle denotes what?

A

Microlight flying site

69
Q

Elevations of aerodromes on charts are given in what measurement?

A

Feet above Mean Sea Level

70
Q

A gliding site with just a G and no altitude markings means what?

A

Gliding takes place without launch cables

71
Q

A blue circular symbol with a bat-like symbol in the middle denotes what?

A

Hang/para gliding

72
Q

In airspace markings on charts, broad banding denotes what?

A

Boundary of controlled airspace

73
Q

In airspace markings on charts, narrow banding denotes what?

A

Level changes within the boundary

74
Q

A ‘+’ symbol on airspace markings means the airspace’s upper vertical limit is..?

A

FL195

75
Q

An area of a TMZ is marked by what?

A

Line of magenta semicircles

76
Q

An area of a RMZ is marked by what?

A

Line of blue semicircles

77
Q

An area of a RMZ/TMZ is marked by what?

A

Line of alternate blue and magenta semicircles

78
Q

On a chart, a line of magenta semicircles indicates the boundary of a what?

A

TMZ

79
Q

On a chart, a line of blue semicircles indicates the boundary of a what?

A

RMZ

80
Q

On a chart, cables are indicated by what?

A

Zig-zag line

81
Q

A flarestack’s flame could extend up to what?

A

600ft above the installation

82
Q

Is a military aerodrome’s ATZ automatically part of a MATZ?

A

No

83
Q

Important point to remember when transiting a MATZ?

A

You will require separate permission to enter the ATZ within the MATZ

84
Q

On a chart, a VOR compass rose is orientated in what manner?

A

To magentic north

85
Q

What does HIRTA stand for?

A

High Intensity Radio Transmission Area

86
Q

What does GVS stand for?

A

Gas Venting Site

87
Q

A cross-hatched area on a chart with bold boundary indicates a what?

A

Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area

88
Q

Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area are indicated by what on a chart?

A

Cross-hatched area with bold boundary

89
Q

A Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area activated by NOTAM are shown with what?

A

Broken boundary lines

90
Q

A broken boundary line on a Prohibited, Restricted or Danger Area means what?

A

The Area is activated by NOTAM

91
Q

The strange ‘S’ symbol on a Danger area denotes what?

A

En-route Danger Area Information Service is available

92
Q

Danger Area Information Service is known as what?

A

DAAIS

93
Q

DAAIS stands for?

A

Danger Area Information Service

94
Q

A red cross on a Danger Area description denotes what?

A

A Danger Area Crossing Service (DACS) is available

95
Q

DACS stands for?

A

Danger Area Crossing Service

96
Q

On a chart, red lines mark what?

A

Roads

97
Q

On a chart, black lines mark what?

A

Railways

98
Q

On a chart, yellow dots mark what?

A

Small villages

99
Q

On a chart, ‘PS’ marks what?

A

Power station

100
Q

Contours on the 1:500 000 chart occur at what interval?

A

500ft AMSL

101
Q

A Lambert projection is best used for map presentation of what?

A

Mid-latitudes

102
Q

Technical term for calculation involving distances at latitudes?

A

Departure

103
Q

Departure calculation

A

Change in Longitude (Minutes) x Cosine of Latitude

104
Q

Rhumb lines cross all meridians of longitude at…

A

The same angle

105
Q

One Nautical Mile is defined as:

A

A change of latitude of one minute

106
Q

A change of latitude of one minute is known as

A

A Nautical Mile

107
Q

In cartography, what term defines the accuracy of directions on a map?

A

Conformity

108
Q

In cartography, what term defines the accuracy of scale (distances) on a map?

A

Equivalence

109
Q

A straight line on a Lambert map represents a

A

Great Circle

110
Q

A map’s straight line represents a Great Circle constantly. What kind of map is this?

A

Lambert

111
Q

Lambert pros/cons

A

Pro: conformity
Con: equivalence

112
Q

A Lambert map’s equivalence is only accurate where?

A

Standard Parallels

113
Q

What are standard parallels?

A

Where the Lambert map’s ‘cone’ touches the Earth’s surface and subsequently where equivalence is only accurate

114
Q

Direct Mercator pros/cons

A

Pro:
Con: Conformity and Equivalence

115
Q

Direct Mercator’s straight lines are..

A

Rhumb lines

116
Q

Why are the disadvantages of Direct Mercator maps often ignored?

A

Direct Mercator maps are mostly used for small-scale navigation

117
Q

What are parallel in Direct Mercator maps?

A

Meridians of Longitude

118
Q

What are parallel in Transverse Mercator maps?

A

Meridians of Longitude

119
Q

On Mercator maps, what are forced to be equidistant?

A

Parallels of latitude

120
Q

On standard CAA 1:500,000 charts, the quadrants are what dimensions

A

30 minutes x 30 minutes

121
Q

How many feet in a nm?

A

6080

122
Q

In Lambert maps, long and lat cross at

A

Right angles

123
Q

All things marked on the aviation char denote the the upper levels as

A

ALWAYS an altitude in thousands of feet

PPL Navigation (16 decks)

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