En-Route Navigation: Techniques

Question 1

Dead reckoning is otherwise known as what?

Answer 1

Deduced reckoning

Question 2

Three steps of dead reckoning?

Answer 2

Starting at known position
Measuring track and distance to the next fix
Applying best wind estimate to make track good

Question 3

What can be used to evaluate the success of dead reckoning?

Answer 3

Map-reading

Question 4

A fix without radio navigation equipment is called a what?

Answer 4

Pinpoint

Question 5

What is track error?

Answer 5

Difference between desired track and the actual track made good

Question 6

The difference between desired track and the actual TMG is called?

Answer 6

Track error

Question 7

A groundspeed of 85kt is roughly equivalent to …nm per minute?

Answer 7

1.5nm

Question 8

A groundspeed of 85kt will cover roughly what distance in 5 minutes?

Answer 8

7 miles

Question 9

At 5000ft, TAS is approximately how much greater than IAS?

Answer 9

8%

Question 10

During the cruise, what is the best method to checking your groundspeed (in line with your pre-flight calculated GS)?

Answer 10

Between two fixes at a set distance apart, use the time between to calculate the groundspeed

Question 11

What’s the reason behind keeping a line feature to your left if following it en-route?

Answer 11

It is easiest to see out of the captain’s seat

Question 12

What is a position line?

Answer 12

Extended straight line joining two points, of which the aircraft is somewhere between

Question 13

Why is a position line not as specific as a fix?

Answer 13

A fix is a specific point, whereas a position line is a position along a line

Question 14

Position lines can sometimes be known as what?

Answer 14

Line of position

Question 15

How could you use position lines to obtain a fix?

Answer 15

The lines’ point of intersection can act as a fix

Question 16

If flying between checkpoints 10 or 15 minutes behind at GS of 85kt, how far apart are they?

Answer 16

14nm or 21nm

Question 17

Major principle of navigation with a chart?

Answer 17

Read from chart to ground

Question 18

Reading from a chart to the ground involves what?

Answer 18

From the chart select a suitable feature ahead of present position
Calculate an ETA
A few minutes before the ETA, lookout for the actual feature

Question 19

What should be logged on your chart, as opposed to the PLOG?

Answer 19

Fixes and TMG

Question 20

When lost, how should you navigate in general terms?

Answer 20

Read from ground to chart

Question 21

Reading from ground to chart should be done when?

Answer 21

Lost

Question 22

How do you estimate the ‘most probable area’ when lost?

Answer 22

Estimate distance flown since the last fix
Apply this distance, +/- 10%, to an arc 30 degrees either side of the estimated TMG

Question 23

What should you establish asap once a ‘Most Probable Area’ is calculated when lost?

Answer 23

Safety altitude

Question 24

What consideration must be made when flying during the evening?

Answer 24

It will get darker at ground level than at altitude

Question 25

Gyro corrections should be done how often?

Answer 25

10 or 15 minutes

Question 26

Compared to track, heading should always be pointing…

Answer 26

Into wind

Question 27

What will ALWAYS be closer to into-wind? Track or Heading?

Answer 27

Heading

Question 28

TAS 90kts, Max Drift is equal to

Answer 28

2/3 of wind speed

Question 29

A Max Drift equal to 2/3 of wind speed occurs at what speed?

Answer 29

90kts TAS

Question 30

ETA adjustment formula

Answer 30

Minutes fast/slow x 1/Proportion of leg flown

Question 31

If 5 minutes fast halfway along a leg, what should you do to your ETA?

Answer 31

Subtract 10 mins from ETA

Question 32

1 thumb on chart roughly equates what time in nil wind?

Answer 32

6 minutes

Question 33

30 degree off track = what drift?

Answer 33

1/2 of Max Drift

Question 34

45 degree off track = what drift?

Answer 34

3/4 of Max Drift

Question 35

60 degree off track = what drift?

Answer 35

Whole of Max Drift

Question 36

1/2 of max drift experienced means the wind lies at what angle from track?

Answer 36

30 degrees

Question 37

3/4 of max drift experienced means the wind lies at what angle from track?

Answer 37

45 degrees

Question 38

Whole of max drift experienced means the wind lies at what angle from track?

Answer 38

60 degrees