SECTION F: The Restoration Flashcards
1
Q
Different groups/opinions of 1649-1658
A
- John Lambert
- Civilian councellors like Sir John Thurloe and Lord Broghill, who were prominent in the Protectorate and supported the offer of the Crown to Cromwell
- ‘Commonwealthsmen’ or ‘Republicans’ who supported rule by Parliament (the Rump) and opposed its dissolution.
(i) Figures included Edmund Ludlow, Arthur Hesilrige, Henry Marten, Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Scott - The Army, opposed Monarchy and crucially dissuaded Cromwell from accepting the Crown in 1657
(i) Main commanders now Fleetwood/Desborough
2
Q
Blair Worden - A continuing monarchical trend under the new constitution of 1657/
A
- New talk of trying to Crown Cromwell and calling new Parliament
- Executive Council renamed as Privy Council. Members called “their Lordships”
- But opposed by Fleetwood and Desborough
3
Q
September 1658 - Key event
A
- Cromwell dies 3rd September 1658
- Succeeded by Richard Cromwell (under Humble Petition and Advice, the Protectorate became hereditary)
- Used to be seen as a guaranteed failure, nicknamed ‘Tumbledown Dick’ by Royalists. Traditional interpretation accepted this view, but recent Historiography has suggested otherwise
4
Q
Profile: Richard Cromwell
A
- Served in Parliamentarian army in Civil War
- Sat in Protectorate Parliaments
- Member of Council of State/new House of Lords in 1657
- Limited ambition and experience of Government
5
Q
October 1658
A
- Richard Cromwell appoints Fleetwood as General of the army, but retains his title of Commander-in-chief
6
Q
January 1659
A
- Parliament assembles and accepts Richard’s authority
- Indicates willingness to vote supplies
- Discussions about reducing size of standing army and establishing local milita
7
Q
Republican-army relations Jan-Apr 1659
A
- Republican MPs in new Parliament are in touch with junior officers to discuss re-establishment of Army Council of Officers to discuss military grievances
8
Q
April 1659
A
- Fleetwood persuades Richard to agree to Restoration of the Army Council of Officers
- Four days after their assembly, they petition Richard to Dissolve Parliament, and Fleetwood says that without this, he cannot guarentee the loyalty of the army
- Richard agrees, saying he will not have blood spilt on account of his greatness, “which is a burden to me”
9
Q
May 1659
A
- 7th May, army leaders recall the Rump
- Richard agreed to retire on receipt of a pension and payment of his debts
- Exile and poverty from 1660 onwards
- In 1680, returned to Cheshunt until death in 1712
10
Q
Why did Richard Cromwell fall in May 1659?
A
- Unable to maintain relations with both civillians and the army which Cromwell had kept in balance for so long
- Richard was not considered in legion with the army in the same way that Cromwell was
- Opposition by army and Republican faction, who even cooperated to form an opposition front
- Fleetwood and Desborough forced him to dissolve the Third Protectorate Parliament of 27 Jan- 22 April
11
Q
The Return of the Rump (1st time)
A
Returned Rump from May 1659-October 1959
- the Protectorate Council and Upper House would be replaced with a Senate that would include army officers; MPs would grant freedom of worship and undertake to reform the law; Richard Cromwell’s safety would be guaranteed
- Threat of Royalist risings put down in Cheshire and Lancashire in July and August
- Rump (notably Hesilrige) provoked the Army. Army appointments to Coulcil of State monitored, speaker more powerful than Fleetwood. Lambert petitioned Parliament to implement reforms promised.
- –> Rump do not permit petitions, commissions of senior officers revoked
- Army dissolved Rump on 13th October 1659
- David Smith accounts that this period is like a series of high-speed playbacks of key episodes from the Civil War
12
Q
Army Rule: the Committee of Safety
A
Oct 15th 1659- Dec 23rd 1659
- Army establishes an interim government after the dissolution of the Rump
- This came at a time of…
(i) Gradual breakdown in public order
(ii) Resurgence of leveller literature
(iii) Difficulty in finding common ground between the major groups
13
Q
December 1659
A
- General George Monck, commander of the Army in Scotland, begins to march south
- Threat of coup and virtual anarchy in London, Committee of Safety faces a serious threat
14
Q
Contemporary source: Thomas Rugg’s collection of newspaper cuttings (diurnal)
A
- virtually anarchy
- horse + foot ordered to march in city to control angry apprentices
- Confrontations between army and apprentices in London, some killed
15
Q
Anarchy in December 1659
A
- 23rd December: The Committee of Safety disperses
- No government at all
- 26th December: Three soldiers reinstated The Rump
- Law courts ceased to function
16
Q
Blair Worden on the significance of the second dissolution of the Rump
A
- “Its second eviction began the slide to the Restoration”
17
Q
Monck’s role in the returned Rump, Dec 1659-Feb 1660
A
- Declares for the dissolved Rump in October 1659
- 1st January 1660, Monck’s army enters England
- Prompts Council of Officers to mobilise Newcastle’s forces, worsening the breakdown in order as it brought the country close to another civil war
- Navy declared for Rump too, and Portsmouth soldiers mutinied
- Monck’s initiative was ‘critical’ for the speedy restoration
- Reaches London on February 3rd and demands readmission of those excluded with Pride’s Purge 6th Dec 1648, made Restoration “inevitable” (Seel)
- –> MPs readmitted 21st February
- Advised Charles of Declaration of Breda
18
Q
Monck’s role in the returned Rump, Dec 1659-Feb 1660
A
- 1st January 1660, Monck’s army enters England
- Drives through opposing forces, including Lambert’s
- Monck’s initiative was ‘critical’ for the speedy restoration
- Reaches London on February 3rd and demands readmission of those excluded with Pride’s Purge 6th Dec 1648
- –> MPs readmitted 21st February
19
Q
Why did Monck oppose the Rump’s dissolution in October 1659 and ride to London in 1660 to reinstate MPs of Pride’s Purge? Two interpretations
A
- Reverted to Royalist beliefs
- Reacting to lawlessness of 1659
20
Q
Free Elections on March 16th 1660 by Long Parliament
21st February–> 16tth March 1660
A
- Readmitted Long Parliament calls free elections and dissolves itself
21
Q
Declaration of Breda
A
- 4th April 1660
- Deliberately coincides with elections of April 1660
- Charles II:
(i) A free and general pardon
(ii) Liberty for tender consciences
(iii) All issues relating to land sales/confiscations to be settled by Parliament - Almost certainly drafted by Edward Hyde, soon Earl of Clarendon, Charles’ main advisor 1660-1667
22
Q
The ‘Convention’ Parliament
A
- Formed 25th April 1660
- Dissolved 29th Dec 1660
- Elections produced strongly Royalist Parliament
- Rather than say they want Charles back, they say he has been King since January 1649
- Acts from 1660 dated as being in the 11th year of Charles’ reign
- 30th birthday, 29th May 1660, Charles entered London to rejoicing
23
Q
Impact of the Quakers on the Restoration
A
- Poor harvests 1657-9, breakdown of authority and infrastructure –> Growth of religious radicalism
- 60 000 Quakers in 1659
- Refusal to pay tithes or take oaths or respect authority
- Resulted in increasingly conservative attitudes from propertied members of society and popular demand for the Restoration
24
Q
Seel on the origins of the Restoration
A
- (…has been argued that) “the execution of Charles I was no more than a spasm of revolutionary fervour.”
25
Graham Seel on the origins of the Restoration
- (...has been argued that) "the execution of Charles I was no more than a spasm of revolutionary fervour."
26
Oliver Cromwell's financial legacy
- Englands annual defecit >£500 000
- Army arrears at £890 000
- Total debts of nearly £2.5 Million with annual income of £1.4 Million
- --> Richard Cromwell inherited financially unstable regime
27
Oliver Cromwell's financial legacy
- Englands annual defecit >£500 000
- Army arrears at £890 000
- Total debts of nearly £2.5 Million with annual income of £1.4 Million
- --> Richard Cromwell inherited financially unstable regime
28
Why was Charles II's Restoration not strictly conditional?
- Concern that strict conditions might scare Charles away
| - Some demanded concessions from Charles, but were persuaded otherwise by the offers in the Declaration of Breda
29
Differing views from Hutton and Davies (Godfrey) on the popularity of the Restoration
Davies: The restoration "happened because the vast majority of Englishmen wanted it to happen"
Hutton: The unpopular nature of the regime must "survive any revisionary study"
30
Strength to C. Hill's claim that the Restoration was brought about by "men of property"
- Monck readmits those MPs excluded in Pride's Purge on February 22nd
- Dominated by gentry sympathetic to reestablishing the monarchy
31
Strength to C. Hill's claim that the Restoration was brought about by "men of property"
- Monck readmits those MPs excluded in Pride's Purge on February 22nd
- Dominated by gentry sympathetic to reestablishing the monarchy
- Therefore, might be acceptable to argue this
32
Elections to the Convention Parliament as evidence of the popularity of the Restoration
- Republicans faired badly, whilst pro Restoration tended to do well
- Of forty candidates nominated for London, the four Royalists were chosen without dispute
33
Elections to Cavalier Parliament as evidence of popularity of the Restoration
- Just under half had Cavalier background
| - Vast majority had episcopalian/pro-Royalist sympathies
34
Ineptitude of the Rump/Army administrations as a case of the Restoration
- Rump was not suited to running the country
- Army administration under Committee of Safety/Council of Officers was unconstitutional and ineffective, leading to lawlessness
35
Public expressions of support as evidence of the popularity of the Restoration
- Mutiny of soldiers at Portsmouth after Monck's forces entered England
- Declaration explicitly for a free Parliament handed to Monck en-route, and presented by London apprentices/artisans
- Bonfires and shouts of "burn the Rump" when Monck arrived to demand readmission of those excluded in Pride's Purge
- When Charles II was proclaimed King on 8th May and entered capital on 29th, the crowds were jubilant and there were celebrations throughout the country
36
Public expressions of support as evidence of the popularity of the Restoration
- Mutiny of soldiers at Portsmouth after Monck's forces entered England
- Declaration explicitly for a free Parliament handed to Monck en-route, and presented by London apprentices/artisans
- Bonfires and shouts of "burn the Rump" when Monck arrived to demand readmission of those excluded in Pride's Purge
- When Charles II was proclaimed King on 8th May and entered capital on 29th, the crowds were jubilant and there were celebrations throughout the country
37
Evidence that the Restoration did not receive popular support
- Bonfires and petitions for free Parliament had backing of the local elites
- 9th Feb condemnation of the Rump contained Latin and reference to Parliamentary statute - not likely to be entirely the work of the lower classes
- Leicester/Bristol, some disassociated themselves from demonstrations of support
- London radicals claimed many thousands of subscriptions against the free Parliament and for the Rump
- Court records in early months of Restoration show many instances of people speaking against the monarchy. Not everyone feeling this way would have been prosecuted, likely to be wider anti-monarch feeling
38
Evidence that the Restoration did not receive popular support
- Bonfires and petitions for free Parliament had backing of the local elites
- 9th Feb condemnation of the Rump contained Latin and reference to Parliamentary statute - not likely to be entirely the work of the lower classes
- Leicester/Bristol, some disassociated themselves from demonstrations of support
- London radicals claimed many thousands of subscriptions against the free Parliament and for the Rump
- Court records in early months of Restoration show many instances of people speaking against the monarchy. Not everyone feeling this way would have been prosecuted, likely to be wider anti-monarch feeling
39
Worden on Royalism in 1651
"In all three kingdoms the Royalist cause was now lost"
40
Anderson on Royalism in 1657
"By 1657 there was growing support for the monarchy, although not necessarily for the Stuarts..."
41
Woolrych on Royalism in 1659 (Booth's rising)
"Royalists posed a greater threat than in 1658 or even 1655...[although] there was little sign yet of the surge of popular Royalism that would arise the following winter and spring..."
42
Anderson on Royalism in 1660
"it was the pressure from a population desperate for stability that ensured that restoration would be both rapid and without prior conditions...the revolution of 1649...had collapsed under the weight of its own failure"
43
Charles II's character according to Miller
"affable and courteous, without vanity or jealousy and so not susceptible to flattery"
"inclination towards a leisured lifestyle came into conflict with his responsibilities as a King"
"found it difficult to look and act like a King...poor public speaker...fiery temper"
44
Charles II's commitment to his Kingship according to Miller
- "hard to avoid the impression that he did not take the buisness of governing entirely seriously
- unconcerned about being restored
- little direction to privy council
- Ambassador: he divided time between pleasure and buisness but devoted more time to the former
45
The Restoration Settlement: Why did attempts to establish religious toleration fail? And what resulted?
- October 1660: Charles issues declaration promising to increase presbyters powers and more flexibility with contentious aspects of Prayer book
- Months following produced serious division in Convention over religious issues.
- Reaction against non-conformity exacerbated by 5th Monarchist Rising Jan 1661 by Thomas Venner
---> Cavalier Parliament of 8th May 1661 extinguished hope of religious settlement
________________________________________________
CLARENDON CODE: Key acts
- Corporation Act 1661
- Licensing Act 1662
- Quaker Act 1662
- Conventicle Act 1664
- Five Mile Act 1665
46
The Restoration Settlement: Why did attempts to establish religious toleration fail? And what resulted?
Hint: *Charlie Likes Quick Fast Cars*
- October 1660: Charles issues declaration promising to increase presbyters powers and more flexibility with contentious aspects of Prayer book
- Months following produced serious division in Convention over religious issues.
- Reaction against non-conformity exacerbated by 5th Monarchist Rising Jan 1661 by Thomas Venner
---> Cavalier Parliament of 8th May 1661 extinguished hope of religious settlement
________________________________________________
CLARENDON CODE: Key acts
- Corporation Act 1661
- Licensing Act 1662
- Quaker Act 1662
- Conventicle Act 1664
- Five Mile Act 1665
*Charlie Likes Quick Fast Cars*
47
The Restoration Settlement: Why did attempts to establish religious toleration fail? And what resulted?
Hint: *Charlie Likes Quick Fast Cars*
- October 1660: Charles issues declaration promising to increase presbyters powers and more flexibility with contentious aspects of Prayer book
- Months following produced serious division in Convention over religious issues.
- Reaction against non-conformity exacerbated by 5th Monarchist Rising Jan 1661 by Thomas Venner
---> Cavalier Parliament of 8th May 1661 extinguished hope of religious settlement
________________________________________________
CLARENDON CODE: Key acts
- Corporation Act 1661
- Licensing Act 1662
- Quaker Act 1662
- Act of Uniformity 1662
- Conventicle Act 1664
- Five Mile Act 1665
*Charlie Likes Uber Quick Fast Cars*
48
Corporation Act 1661
- Members of religious sects excluded from public office
- Members of town coroporations had to:
(i) Take Holy Communion according to the rites of the CofE
(ii) Renounce Solemn League and Covenant
(iii) Swear loyalty to the King
49
Licensing Act 1662
- Censored theological publications
50
Five Mile Act 1665
- Prohibited dissenter (would not conform to Anglicanism) clergymen from coming within five miles of towns (to deprive sectarians from contact with congregations+ schools)
51
Conventicle Act 1664
- Penalties imposed for attending a non-Anglican church service
52
Quaker Act 1662
- Imprisoned leading Quakers
53
Act of Uniformity 1662
- All ministers must declare their assent to new Prayer Book and make its use compulsory in all services
- 2000 (1/5th) Clergy forced to resign
54
How was the CofE restored?
- Book of Common prayer reintroduced
- Act of Uniformity 1662 made all clergy declare loyalty to it
- Bishops returned to dioceses
- Church land sold in civil wars returned
55
How was the CofE restored?
- Book of Common prayer reintroduced
- Act of Uniformity 1662 made all clergy declare loyalty to it
- Bishops returned to dioceses
- Church land sold in civil wars returned
56
Financial settlement with the King
- 11 months of assessments/Poll Tax paid off the army
- Charles granted £800 000 annually, D Smith reckons £1.2M?
- Charles expected to make £100 000 from crown property
- Dunkirk sold to France for £400 000
- Mid 1660s, annual income only £700 000, but debt of £1.25M
57
Settlement of land issues
- Charles II leaves settlement of this problem with Parliament
- Royalists whose estates had been sequestrated were able to reclaim them through the courts
- Royalists forced to sell land to pay Decimation Taxes or fines had little chance of compensation
58
Constitutional 'settlement' - what was new?
- Triennial Act 1641 repealed, replaced with 1664 Act which gave no means of making the King comply
- Some of the Protectorate's Legislation was adopted:
(i) Navigation Acts of 1650/51
- Legislation passed between 1642-1660 declared null and void
- Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660)
- Militia Acts 1650-51
59
Act of Indemnity and Oblivion
- All but regicides and those involved in Irish Rebellion of 1641 were pardoned
- Henry Vane executed, bodies of Ireton/Cromwell + others exhumed, 'executed' and displayed
60
-Militia Acts 1650-51
- Control of Militia solely belonged to the King
61
Constitutional 'settlement' - what remained the same?
- Legislation signed by Charles in 1641:
(i) Prerogative Courts/Star Chamber still abolished
(ii) No knighthood fines
(iii) No forest fines
(iv) No Ship Money
- Act of 1656 under Protectorate abolished crowns rights to purveyance (buying goods at lower than market prices) and wardship (tending to estates of those under 18 until they come of age)
62
The Restoration Settlement: Why did attempts to establish religious toleration fail? And what resulted?
Hint: *Charlie Likes Quick Fast Cars*
- October 1660: Charles issues declaration promising to increase presbyters powers and more flexibility with contentious aspects of Prayer book
- Months following produced serious division in Convention over religious issues.
- Reaction against non-conformity exacerbated by 5th Monarchist Rising Jan 1661 by Thomas Venner
---> Cavalier Parliament of 8th May 1661 extinguished hope of religious settlement, Worcester and Savoy house conferences (1660-61) have failed to reach a settlement
________________________________________________
CLARENDON CODE: Key acts
- Corporation Act 1661
- Licensing Act 1662
- Quaker Act 1662
- Act of Uniformity 1662
- Conventicle Act 1664
- Five Mile Act 1665
*Charlie Likes Uber Quick Fast Cars*
63
Financial settlement with the King
- 11 months of assessments/Poll Tax paid off the army
- Charles granted £800 000 annually, D Smith reckons £1.2M?
- Charles expected to make £100 000 from crown property
- Dunkirk sold to France for £400 000
- Hearth Tax 1662 expected to raise £300 000, but barely gets half that
- Mid 1660s, annual income only £700 000, but debt of £1.25M
- -> Charles heavily dependent on Crown for grants
64
Constitutional 'settlement' - what was new?
- Triennial Act 1641 repealed, replaced with 1664 Act which gave no means of making the King comply
- Some of the Protectorate's Legislation was adopted:
(i) Navigation Acts of 1650/51
- Legislation passed between 1642-1660 declared null and void
- Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660)
- Militia Acts 1650-51
- Act excluding Bishops from House of Lords is repealed
- Power to suspend Parliamentary statues, veto legislation, appoint ministers, determine foreign and domestic policy ....crown seemingly "very powerful" (Tim Harris)
65
Constitutional 'settlement' - what remained the same?
- Legislation signed by Charles in 1641:
(i) Prerogative Courts/Star Chamber still abolished
(ii) No knighthood fines
(iii) No forest fines
(iv) No Ship Money
- Act of 1656 under Protectorate abolished crowns rights to purveyance (buying goods at lower than market prices) and wardship (tending to estates of those under 18 until they come of age)
66
Constitutional 'settlement' - what remained the same?
- Legislation signed by Charles in 1641:
(i) Prerogative Courts/Star Chamber still abolished
(ii) No knighthood fines
(iii) No forest fines
(iv) No Ship Money
- Act of 1656 under Protectorate abolished crowns rights to purveyance (buying goods at lower than market prices) and wardship (tending to estates of those under 18 until they come of age)
67
Did Charles II have religious conviction? Or was he simply a strategist?
- "Charles' position on these questions owed little or nothing to religious principle...His attitude towards the various types of Protestants was shaped by politics" - Miller
- Declaration of Breda granted toleration *if* consented to by Parliament and sects did not disturb the peace
- Lack of conviction shown in his conduct in 1660: Started to appoint Bishops, but also offered toleration in Oct in Worcester. Trying to appease radical sects
- --> Cavalier House of Commons horrified, Act of Uniformity 1662 was a reaction against this
68
Did Charles II have religious conviction? Or was he simply a strategist?
- "Charles' position on these questions owed little or nothing to religious principle...His attitude towards the various types of Protestants was shaped by politics" - Miller
- Declaration of Breda granted toleration *if* consented to by Parliament and sects did not disturb the peace
- Lack of conviction shown in his conduct in 1660: Started to appoint Bishops, but also offered toleration in Oct in Worcester. Trying to appease radical sects
- --> Cavalier House of Commons horrified, Act of Uniformity 1662 was a reaction against this and only consented to when King's revenue was threatened by Parliament. Similar situation with Conventicle article
69
Why did King and Parliament clash over religious issues?
- King was a political strategist, whilst MPs in Cavalier Parliament had strong Royalist and religious convictions
- Cavalier MPs saw Charles I as a martyr for the true Church, and were irritated at Charles II's refusal to uphold it by granting toleration to non-conformists so easily (Worcester and Savoy House conferences 1660-61)
70
What events both in and outside of Charles' control contributed to an increasing loss of confidence in Charles' government 1665-67
z
71
The Restoration Settlement: Why did attempts to establish religious toleration fail? And what resulted?
Hint: *Charlie Likes Quick Fast Cars*
- October 1660: Charles issues declaration promising to increase presbyters powers and more flexibility with contentious aspects of Prayer book
- Months following produced serious division in Convention over religious issues.
- Reaction against non-conformity exacerbated by 5th Monarchist Rising Jan 1661 by Thomas Venner
---> Cavalier Parliament of 8th May 1661 extinguished hope of religious settlement, Worcester and Savoy house conferences (1660-61) have failed to reach a settlement
________________________________________________
CLARENDON CODE: Key acts
- Corporation Act 1661
- Licensing Act 1662
- Quaker Act 1662
- Act of Uniformity 1662
- Conventicle Act 1664
- Five Mile Act 1665
*Charlie Likes Uber Quick Fast Cars*
- Religion was "The biggest source of contention" (Tim Harris)
72
Financial settlement with the King
- 11 months of assessments/Poll Tax paid off the army
- Charles granted £800 000 annually, D Smith reckons £1.2M?
- Charles expected to make £100 000 from crown property
- Dunkirk sold to France for £400 000
- Hearth Tax 1662 expected to raise £300 000, but barely gets half that
- Mid 1660s, annual income only £700 000, but debt of £1.25M
- -> Charles heavily dependent on Crown for grants
- -> Revenue £647 000 1666-7
73
What events both in and outside of Charles' control contributed to an increasing loss of confidence in Charles' government 1665-67
- Bubonic Plague 1665
- Great fire of London 1666
- Charles and his ministers decide not to put out a battle fleet in 1667
- --> Dutch sail up Medway, attack fleet and carry off his flagship. People angry as Parliament had voted a lot of money for the Dutch war (£3 750 000) and London was now defenceless
74
Earl of Clarendon
- Lord Chancellor and King's principal advisor until 1667
- Lacked insentive to become chief minister when council needed leading, allowing growth of opposition in both houses from 1660
Criticised for:
- Selling Dunkirk for £300 000
- Negotiating King's marriage to a barren, Catherine of Braganza
- The Clarendon Code, which he was unfairly seen as responsible for
Clarendon's fall:
- Attack on English fleet in 1667
- Death of Southampton in May 1667
- Treasury committee formed of Clarendon's critics
- Parliament of July 1667 demands his resignation as he had come to epitomise the failings of an incompetent system
- -> 30th August, resignes
- -> Impeachment proceedings in October by Buckingham, Edward Seymour...soon dropped. Tried to get assembly of peers to try him
- -----> Clarendon sails for France on November 29th
75
Why was the Dutch war so despised?
- Heavy financial burden (£1 750 000)
- Little land acquired, only the Dutch colony in the New Netherlands
- At its conclusion with the Treaty of Breda, debt as high a £2.5 Million
76
How was the CofE restored?
- Book of Common prayer reintroduced
- Act of Uniformity 1662 made all clergy declare loyalty to it
- Bishops returned to dioceses
- Church land sold in civil wars returned
77
Parliaments in this period: names and dates
3rd Protectorate: 27nd Jan-22nd April 1659
Rump: 7th May-13th Oct 1659
(Army rule by committee of safety)
Rump: 26th Dec 1659- 20th Feb 1660
Long Parliament: 21st Feb-16th Mar 1660
Convention: 25th April-29th December 1660
Cavalier: 8th May 1661- 24th Jan 1679
78
Following the return of the Long Parliament, how long did it stay in existence and what did it do?
Long Parliament: 21st Feb-16th Mar 1660
- Elects to call new elections
- --> Convention Convention: 25th April
79
The Cavalier Parliament
Cavalier: 8th May 1661- 24th Jan 1679
- Breda read out on day 1, accepted and voted that England should be ruled by one commons, king and lords
- Charles readmitted on Bday, 29th May
