SECTION A: The Personal Rule Flashcards

Question

Enclosure as a source of income in the personal rule

Answer 1

What was it? - Land owners who fenced off common land for herding could be fined Problems? -Loathed by landowners

Answer 2

- Attorney General | - Tasked with finding forgotten laws that could be used to raise funds without Parliament

Answer 3

What was it? - Taxation of the costal counties for the preservation of the navy. Caused sheriffs to once again rise to prominence - Requested for the first time in six years in 1634, and then again less than a year later for £218 500 - More than 4* the rate of a Parliamentary subsidy. 90% paid - Requested again in 1636, which indicated that it had become an annual tax, and was no longer simply for emergencies - 9/10 of the £196 400 requested in 1637 still paid, but slower. Foot dragging caused by Scotland's progression towards a rebellion+the trial of John Hamden Pros - The Ship Money Fleet was the best England had had for a long time - The money raised by the tax was used exclusively to fund the navy, nothing else. - Stressed by Sharpe - Levy was huge, but the number of people paying was too, so often only a small amount was requested - Cust: "by modern standards, ship money was a remarkably successful tax" - Brought thousands into the national rating system for the first time. Essex shows 12 000 taxed for the first time in 1637 Cons: - Seen as violation of the Petition of Right - Ship money attracted disputes over the ratings and questioned whether it was a constitutional tax - Rates fixed by sherifs. Conrad Russell sees this as an attack on government by consent as the sherifs acted "arbitrarily and alone" * Separate card for details of opposition*

Answer 4

Rating disputes: - Ie people challenging how much they had been asked to pay, as opposed to challenging the tax itself - E.g. (i) Hard to meet the assessment in Cambridge as many were exempted through privileges attached to the university - Some believe these were a veil for opposition on constitutional grounds (Braddick), others, believe they were simply as they seemed (Sharpe). Russell stresses that even if they are taken at face value, they were still serious Constitutional challenge to the tax: - The tax was deemed unconstitutional. It allowed the King to tax without Parliament's consent, in peacetime and advocated non-consensual government (Russel, C.f. sherifs) - John Hampden (separate card) was the first to truly challenge the tax on constitutional grounds. Others deemed it too risky as it seemed to challenge the royal prerogative - Constitutional grievances may have been hidden behind rating disputes

Answer 5

- Gentleman who was encouraged by Lord Saye and Seyle (SAME PERSON) to oppose the tax - He refused to pay £1 - Crown argued that it was the King's right to demand taxation when faced with danger, and that Charles was the sole judge of whether danger was immanent VS - Hampden's defence lawyer argued England was not at war and that the writs gave seven months to pay the tax, plenty of time to call a Parliament Outcome: - Crown won, but 5/12 judges in Hampden's favour - Russell stresses that judges were hand picked, so to vote against Charles was a major victory in some senses Impact: - Watershed for constitutional challenges to the tax - Caused 'tax revolt' 1639-40 with increased non payment + foot dragging

Answer 6

1635: 90% paid 1638: 80% paid 1639: 25% paid

Answer 7

Not serious: - Ship Money was paid by most until 1637 - 800 000 collected - Sharpe: "...not all expressions of loyalty were a rhetorical veil over the reality of opposition" - Costal counties had best records of payment. Sharpe suggests that this indicates attitudes towards ship money were determined by local considerations, not high levels of principle Serious: - Pyrrhic victory for Crown, as 5/12 judges voted against the Crown - Tax revolt showed substantial dissent - Braddick: "Reluctance to pay was almost universally expressed in technical or bureaucratic complaints." (Ratings disputes were a way of challenging the tax, and by extension Charles' prerogative - Ibid: "Reactions to Ship Money surely demonstrate that quietness on the surface does not necessarily indicate the existence of stability and consensus

Answer 8

CATHOLIC: Structure: Episcopalian. Monarch is 'governor', not 'head'. Doctrine: Two of the sacraments included. Eucharist open to interpretation so might be transubstantiation Practices: Combination of preaching and ceremony. Vestements worn. Communion table was placed where high alter had been in Catholic worship. Bowing and making sign of cross at Jesus' name was encouraged. Iconoclasm discouraged. PROTESTANT: Structure: Run at local level by clergy and elected, unpaid churchwardens Clergy: No miracles, and clergy may marry Doctrine: Five of the seven sacraments omitted. Salvation by faith alone, and all that is necessary to achieve it is in scripture. Also predestination and double predestination. Eucharist open to interpretation Practices: Bible and liturgy were in vernacular (English). High altar replaced with communion table. Minister conducts service facing congregation and delivers sermon from pulpit. No veneration of saints or relics *Important to note that in practice there was LOTS OF VARIETY, something that Charles I and Laud sought to rectify*

Answer 9

Act of Supremacy 1534: Monarch is 'Supreme Governor' of the Church Act of Uniformity 1559: Church services - the liturgy - to conform to the Book of Common Prayer Thirty-nine Articles 1563: Asserting the doctrine of the Church of England following the controversy of the Reformation

Answer 10

- Luther was acting against Catholic corruption, especially the sale of indulgences (i) Johann Tetzel visited Wittenberg in 1517 to sell indulgences. These could even be purchased post-mortem by an intermediary to release someone from purgatory (ii) Frederick the Wise of Wittenberg had a large collection of relics that could supposedly offer salvation if seen - -> --> --> Caused Luther to post his 99 Thesis to the church door in Wittenberg in Oct 1517, condemning the sale of indulgences and the corruption in general <--

Answer 11

- Excommunicated by the Pope Leo X and outlawed by Charles V at Diet of Worms in 1520 - Luther gathered support as the attempt to silence him backfired. Students in Wittenberg burned papal papers, as did Luther burn his papal bull - Translated Bible into German vernacular by 1534 - 1524 Peasant's revolt saw 100 000 rebels crushed by aristocrats. Luther supported aristocrats - Philip Melanchthon writes Augsburg confession in 1530 after Charles V summons Protestant princes and says he will bring them into the Catholic church by force --> Instability for two decades --> Peace of Augsburg 1555 asserts a Prince's right to choose his religious orientation

Answer 12

- Transubstantiation --> Consubstantiation (Bread+Wine in union with one another) - Justification by faith alone - Pope had betrayed Christ - Bible was the word of God - Priesthood of all believers (less divide between clergy and laity) - Priests could marry - Purgatory not real - Mary and the Saints not holy powers, just good people

Answer 13

Henry VIII: Closed monasteries, prayer book latin, bible English, ritualistic services, priests/nuns to marry Edward VI (1547-1553): English prayer book and bible, no ritual, priests/nuns to marry Mary I: (1553-1558): Prayer book and bible in latin, priests/nuns could not marry, ritualistic, execution of Protestants Elizabeth I (1558-1603): 'Elizabethan Settlement' found middle way between Protestant doctrine and Catholic ceremony. English prayer book and bible, priests/nuns to marry, but ritual used

Answer 14

- John Calvin created a sort of 'perfect working model' of Protestant Xnity when Geneva adopted the faith in 1536 - Biblical Law of Moses applied strictly, no alcohol - Very uncompromising doctrine of predestination and double predestination: Some were saints whilst the unregenerate were damned. Sainthood lay in struggle against sin and for God's will in daily life. --> Struggle required the aid of the Church, hence why it was so strict - John Knox was trained in Geneva and established Calvinism in Scotland. He condemned Mary for holding Catholic mass. Elizabeth I was shocked by degree of control people in Scotland had to choose their religious orientation

Answer 15

Background: - No distinctive social or political philosophy - No particular social origin - Puritans and the majority of Protestants were members of the national church at the start of the 17th century Ideology: - Stress on further reformation as church only 'halfly reformed' - Catholic aspects such as vestments and bowing at Jesus' name should be abolished - Wished for productive 'reformation of manners' to save souls of people through strict adherence to correct belief patterns. E.g. Sabbatarianism and churchales (festivities held on church property) - Driven not by kill-joy spirit, or fear of Catholisism, but by belief that living pure lives was essential to God's continued support - Pure and holy lifestyles differentiated them from other Protestants, hence name 'puritanism'. Exercises were informal discussion groups to extend worship. Like a book club for sermons

Answer 16

"By the 1620s, Puritanism was a socially respectable movement with deep roots and its leaders were among the...elite"

Answer 17

- Normally predestination, but believed that overemphasis could lead to division - largest group - Importance of book of common prayer, 500 000 printed 1560-1640 - Sacraments of baptism/marriage/burial and last rites - Preaching and book of common prayer were not incompatible - Haigh: Affection for book of common prayer was a reflection of their desire for the old Catholic liturgy which had officially been denied to them since 1559 - Disagreement over their relationship to the Laudians: Maltby says that mainstream conformists/'Prayer book Protestants' were fiercely anti-Laudian and anti-Puritan VS Haigh and Walsham argue mainstream conformists were the natural constituency for the Laudian support base

Answer 18

- More Catholicism: Vestments, imagery, altar to be screened off and bowed to - Anti-predestination: Salvation available to all who did good works - Communion service>teaching - Braddick: Ceremony was the most divisive aspects of their beliefs

Answer 19

- Son of clothier - St. John's College, Oxford - Bishop of St. David's in 1621 - Aligned with ceremonialism. Communion>preaching - Bishop of London 1628 - Archbishop of Canterbury by 1633 - Influential (Star Chamber, advised Privy Council on foreign affairs - Dominated administration, and encouraged Charles to appoint anti-calvinist bishops - Reformist ambitions which would be enacted through ecclesiastical visitations, Church courts, the High Commission and the Star Chamber - Appointed clergy to secular roles ie Bishop Juxton of London to Lord Treasurer in 1536

Answer 20

"He had the academic's relish for feuding and the pedant's penchant for details."

Answer 21

- Denied Catholic influences in court - Rejected a Cardinal's hat - 1622, Laud calls the Catholic church "a true church in essence" although "corrupt and tainted" However, many saw Laud as wishing to introduce Catholicism. Earl of Bedford called him the "thief put into the window of the church to unlock the door to popery"

Answer 22

- Worked closely with Charles to implement church policy - Sharpe: "Though later events were to cast him into a leading role, Laud did not shape the plot of the personal rule" - Cust: "He shared to the full his master's anti-puritan/anti-popular instincts"

Answer 23

- Morril's "coiled spring effect" - Deeply unpopular, then caused Bishop's Wars and recall of Parliament when he tried to introduce new English Prayer book to Scotland - Impeached and imprisoned in December 1640, trial in 1644, executed 1645

Answer 24

- Bishops given prominent positions in Charles' government (ie Bishop Juxton made Lord treasurer) - Bishops and Priests had to live in their sees/benefices - High Court of Commission/Star Chamber used to punish dissenters

Answer 25

- Strict conformity to the Book of Common Prayer and the 39 Articles - Visitations to ensure that Bishops and Priests were conducting their duty properly - Increased stress on proper ceremonial practice

Answer 26

- Courts of High Commission and Star Chamber used to target vocal opposition to the Church - Alexander Leighton mutilated for attacking bishops in 'Sions Plea Against the Prelacy' - Prynne, Bastwick and Burton punished in 1637 - 1633: Court of Exchequer dissolves the Feoffees for Impropriations, a Puritan organisation which bestowed benefices on Puritan preachers - Hostile publications censored - Prosecution of corporations and individuals who appointed Puritan lecturers to give street sermons

Answer 27

- Vestments - Bowing at Jesus' name - Candles on the altar - Altars placed at the East end of the chancel, rather than in communal nave, and railed off - Services at East end of the church - Young: "Restore splendour and ceremony of the church service" Overall emphasis on ceremony, tradition and propriety

Answer 28

- Fears of Popish reform - Laud's harsh handling of vocal opposition, especially improper treatment of those of high class by himself, a low class clothier's son. - Policies seen as "intrusive and disruptive" (Marshall). For instance, imposing uniformity on church seating when in many parishes there were long standing arrangements to reflect social hierarchy - Jacobean period characterised by a 'willingness to wink' (Marshall), and imposing uniformity caused excessive conflict

Answer 29

-William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick were brought before the star chamber in June 1637 on charges of producing anti-laudian pamphlets, condemning bishops... fined £5000, imprisoned for life and mutilated - Alexander Leighton was targeted and mutilated for his attack on bishops in 'Sions Plea Against the Prelacy' in 1630 - John Lilburne targeted in 1638 - 15000 emigrated to New England as a result of religious policy

Answer 30

- Private discussion groups such as those run by Lord Brooke at his home in Warwick Castle - Private thought. Robert Wootford showed no open defiance but wrote privately that Laud and his supporters were 'favourers and promoters of superstition and idolatry' and condemned their 'vain ceremonies'

Answer 31

Extensive - Widely felt discontent - Harsh reaction from Laud suggests those writing against Laudianism were a real threat Not extensive - Few open acts of defiance - Resistance often passive (ie emigration) - Bible-centred (non-Laudian) religion appealed disproportionately to the literate, who would have written down and registered their discontent - Laudianism "struck a chord" (Seel and Smith) with those underwhelmed with Calvinism - Many ignorant of the finer points of the theological debate Overall - Reforms were unpopular with many, but extent of open defiance not as large as first thought and popular with some

Answer 32

"The immediate context for the collapse of Charles I's monarchy was that broader European upheaval that we call the thirty years war" "[Popery] ...spanned the century; it crossed all social boundaries; as a solvent of political loyalties it has no rivals" "Within England the 17th century Catholics made up a tiny and declining proportion of the population... It was in Europe that the opposite was the case." "We need to look not only at the British car [Tudor registration] but also at the European road down which it was being chased."

Answer 33

- Given wider European context, belief that Laudianism was part of wider popish plot - Popery was defining aspect of Protestant identity - Pope seen as antichrist - Henrietta Maria, Charles' wife, was Catholic - Earl of Bedford called him the "thief put into the window of the church to unlock the door to popery" - Scott: It was the century in which Protestantism had to fight for its survival. This was the context for fear of popery in England - --> Spanish Armarda, attempts on Elizabeth I's life, Gunpowder plot, St Bartholomew's massacre 1573 saw 5000 Protestants murdered

Answer 34

- April 1593-May 1641 - Born into money - MP for Yorkshire in 1614. County rather than borough (borough smaller area and more tedious duties) - Named a sheriff in 1626 to keep him away from the Commons - Imprisoned for refusing to pay the forced loan in 1627 - Key player in the Petition of Right in 1628 *This opposition was largely directed at Buckingham, assasinated in 1628* ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - ' The ultimate in poacher turned gamekeeper', appointed President of the Council of the North in 1628 - Privy Council in 1629 - Named Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632, and absent for the next eight years (returned late 1639) - Recalled in 1639 to deal with wars in Scotland, and became Charles' chief minister - Became Earl of Stratford January 1640 - Stratford advised Charles to dissolve short Parliament, failed to keep Scots out of Durham and Northumberland, and then failed to follow through with the promise of 9000 Irish troops --> Fears of Catholic dictatorship with foreign support in Long Parliament of November 1640. Impeached that month, Act of Attainder passed by Lords in May 1641. Charles, fearing for safety of royal family, signed death warrant ---> Execution, May 1641

Answer 35

SHARPE - hard work and public duty - he set himself high standards of honesty and service and expected no less of others - self-righteousness [...] made Wentworth so reluctant to compromise or tolerate the foibles of others - "Wentworth's natural concern for order and authority hardened into an obsession"

Answer 36

IMPACT ON 'OLD ENGLISH' * Old English were Catholic English settlers pre-reformation - Granted 'graces' in 1628 in return for subsidies totalling £120 000 over three years. - Dublin, 1633, refuses to grant concessions sought by political elite in return for their cooperation. - Stratford never made these into statute and in the 1634 Parliament he... (i) rejected the 'graces' (ii) denied security of tenure for estate holders of 60+ years (iii) refused to recognise Catholic office holders - --> Causes once 'English' to form common identity with native Gaelic Irish community based on shared Catholicism

Answer 37

IMPACT ON 'NEW ENGLISH' - Wentworth wished to make Ireland a source of profit for himself and England, rather than a drain on resources (i) Extended area of English settlement (i) Reclaimed Church and Crown lands (i) Imposed heavy burdens on new English - Sought to impose Laudianism. Rapport (harmonious relationship) with Laud. Sought to bring Irish and Scottish Kirk, into closer 'conformity...with the whole Catholic Church' (i) Irish Articles replaced with 39 Articles in 1634 - --> Encroaching on Irish territory, financial agreements and attack on protestantism all caused 'new English' to be alienated

Answer 38

Implemented 'divide and rule' strategy with new and old English settlers Good points: - put down pirates - promoting agriculture, industry and trade - tripled customs revenue via a new customs farm (though a quarter of this went into his own pocket) - Population growth to 2 million - Booming economy, with £100 000 surplus (in excess of what was needed)

Answer 39

Stratford had Catholic sympathies? - Imposed Laudianism - Didn't seek to align Irish church with CofE, but to bring both Irish and Scottish kirk into closer "conformity...with the whole Catholic church" - Replaced Irish Articles with 39 Articles in 1634 VS Gentles view: Stratford was trying to Protestantise and Anglicise - Attack on Graces shows distaste for Catholicism - Not pro-Catholic. Instead, his actions were to attack Calvinism rather than promote Catholicism - 1634-40, Wentworth reduces Catholic representation in the Irish Parliament by 1/3 - Commission for Defective Titles challenged Irish property rights. Could have 3/4 of lands back if they agreed to knight tenures, but this included taking oath of supremacy which Catholics couldn't do!

Answer 40

Bad points: - Fears that Wentworth was using Ireland as a testing ground for reforms that would eventually be imposed on the English mainland - use of prerogative instructions to bypass common law. Especially damaging to new English with loss of property - Insensitive. Ie removal of the tomb of the Earl of Cork's wife to make room for new railed altar. - Alienated old and new English settlers, through attacking territory and finances, 'graces' that had previously been granted --> David Smith: "For a short while in the winter of 1640-1641, Stratford seems to have achieved the distinction of being perhaps the only Englishman to have obliterated the religious divide in Irish politics"

Answer 41

- Short parliament fails to grant subsidies to fight Scots - -> June 1640, Irish Parliament senses weakness and cuts subsidies/ restores disenfranchised Catholic boroughs - Charles appoints Earl of Cork (enemy) to privy council - -> Irish-Catholic alliance at third session of Parliament. Remonstrance of November 1641 was damning report on arbitrary nature of Stratford's rule, especially misuse of Court(s) of Star Chamber and High Commission - In England, despite advising Charles to dissolve short Parliament, failed to keep Scots out of Durham and Northumberland, and then failed to follow through with the promise of 9000 Irish troops - -> Fears of Catholic dictatorship with foreign support in Long Parliament of November 1640. Impeached that month, Act of Attainder passed by Lords in May 1641. Charles, fearing for safety of royal family, signed death warrant - --> Execution, May 1641 -Gentles: "United all three kingdoms against him" *SEE SEPARATE SCOTLAND CARDS*

Answer 42

Factors that might provoke conflict in multiple kingdoms: - "A monarch's selection of ministers might provoke jealousies and antagonisms among the component territories" - "financial exactions throughout a multiple kingdom might give rise to resentment, as each territory squabbled about its share of the burden or complained that its resources were being used to further the interests of another nation" - "religious differences within and between members of a multiple kingdom any any attempt by a monarch to impose a common faith throughout his territories might provoke extremely bitter conflict"

Answer 43

"In the relationship between the three kingdoms (England, Ireland and Scotland), any rapprochement (sign of agreement) between two of them had a billiard ball effect on the third..."

Answer 44

-Speculation surrounding the new Prayer Book that would be introduced in the summer of 1637 - As early as 1636, synod in Edinburgh said the book contained "popish errors" - 23rd July, Edinburgh Cathedral, distinguished people join congregation to hear service held according to the new Prayer Book --> Protestors in crowd begin to riot, chair(s?) thrown, Bishop pursued by mob --> Some, ie Henry Rollock, heard news of the protests and decided not to use the book ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - Protest over who ran the kirk: Not only Scottish Bishops. but new Prayer Book was influenced by Archbishop and Monarch who were seen to be unsound - Seen to be retreating from the Reformation

Answer 45

- In months after introduction of the new book in July 1637, Scottish council received many petitions asking that it be abolished - Widespread resistance prompted the Gentry to take charge, counter government formed, the Tables: (i) Committees of nobility, gentry, clergy and burgesses (representative of a borough) (ii) Fifth, executive committee had noble table and one representative from each of the other three tables - In an open act of defiance, many thousands sign the National Covenant introduced in February 1638. Signatories promised to defend the "true reformed religion" and defy any innovations not endorsed by the Kirk or the Scottish Parliament

Answer 46

- Charles temporarily removed the Prayer Book but made no long term commitments, saying "I mean to be obeyed"

Answer 47

Spring 1638: Marquis of Hamilton is sent to negotiate, but only to play for time so Charles could prepare to suppress them. Marquis offers - A Scottish Parliament - A Church assembly September 1638: Charles suspends Prayer book November 1638: the church assembly abolishes Scottish Bishops. Especially provocative because - James I said "No bishop, no king". Therefore Charles felt hereditary monarchy was being threatened Spring 1639: Proclamation stating "The question is not now whether a Service Book is to be received or not, nor whether episcopal shall be continued or presbyterial admitted, but whether we are their King or not" March 1639: York headquarters established and Charles endeavours to raise an army, but many English secretly sympathise with Scots' efforts to resist 'popish' innovations. May 1639: Sub-standard 15 000 man army doesn't scare Scots June 1639: Alexander Leslie, Scottish commander, offers peace negotiations --> Pacification of Beswick agrees that - both sides disband armies - Charles must agree to call a new Parliament and Church assembly

Answer 48

June 1639: Pacification of Beswick September 1639: Thomas Wentworth is recalled from Ireland to deal with the Scottish crisis. He advises Charles to call a Parliament so that it could grant concessions for the war, believing he could play on anti-Scottish sentiment April 1640: Short Parliament opens. Charles insists he is granted concessions before grievances are addressed, but those grievances had built up for 11 years and could not be sidestepped. Pym and Hampden lead attack May 1640: Short Parliament dissolves Laud issues new ecclesiastical canons, asserting the 'innovations' were not wrong, and an oath to the 39 Articles and the Prayer Book was introduced. Shift away from salvation to all --> Importance of Bishops August 1640: Charles has 25 000 strong army, Scots capture Newcastle after the BATTLE OF NEWBURN, embargo on London's coal supply September 1640: Council of peers advises that the King recall a parliament and prevent Scots marching on York October 1640: Treaty of Ripon stipulates... (i) Until agreement reached, occupation of Newcastle would continue (ii) £850 daily payment to Scots until said agreement was reached (iii) Charles must call another English Parliament

Answer 49

Religious Sympathies: - Laudianism was popish - Iconoclasts in 1640 tried to purify parish Churches of Catholic imagery - Charles had asked Catholics/Spain for help against the Scots This was the wrong war - Charles had retreated from European conflict and now fought his own subjects at home - "It was God's wish that England should have a fall" - Parishioner Disaffection with Charles I - The Earl of Northumberland: "The people of England are so readily discontented, by reason of the multitude of projects daily imposed on them, as I think there is reason to fear that a great part of them will be readier to join with the Scots, than to draw their swords in the King's service -Contact between outspoken opposition like Lord Brooke, Viscount Saye and Seel and the Covenanters

Answer 50

"Effective strategy, efficient officers, trained soldiers, ample supply, strong leadership and, indeed, luck are all necessary in order to enjoy success in war. Yet in each respect the royal campaigns of the Bishops' Wars were deficient"

Answer 51

- Seaborne invasion force did not land at Aberdeen in 1639, so could not blockade Edinburgh - Attack on West Coast of Scotland by Randal MacDonnell never happened - Stratford's force of 10 000 Irish soldiers never made it to Dunbarton - Impossible to mobilise troops in time for Newburn

Answer 52

- Charles had failed to create the perfect militia - Soldiers were ill trained and ill disciplined - Charles allowed the substitution clause, which allowed a soldier to find a replacement. This replacement was almost always untrained

Answer 53

- England's years of peace made weapons hard to find - Poor weapons dampened soldier's spirits - Armorers could produce armour for 700 each month...it would take 3 1/2 years to provide for 30 000

Answer 54

- Gentlemen who had never experienced battle - Clarendon mocked the Earl of Arundel for having no military sense - Stratford ill for many campaigns

Answer 55

- Two armies had been mobilised in 1639 and 1640 with no parliamentary assistance. It now wasn't feasible to fund a war effort purely with the Crowns private fiscal means

Answer 56

- 1639, Charles opens negotiations with Covenanters. Big mistake as they begin to call the shots - Disillusionment over Charles' apparent disregard for the law...tried to call taxes and avoided parliament, no basis for the Militia's obligation to fight except in the Royal prerogative - Charles' refusal to work through Parliament weakened his authority (Lord Brooke and Lord Saye and Seel refused to take an oath not confirmed by Parliament) - Charles had assumed English hatred of the Scots was greater than English hatred of the Personal Rule - Difficulty local officials had collecting military charges such as coat and conduct money and training militia is testament to Charles' lack of authority in the absence of Parliament

Answer 57

lower level of religious opposition recorded in diaries robert wootford "favourers and promoters of superstition and idolatry”

Answer 58

emigration to america: 15 000 emigrated to new england for “primarily religious reasons” (seel/smiyh a9.23)

Answer 59

- officially aimed to colonise west indian island of providence. but plantation policy failed in 1635 with no return on invested £120 000. - however: extended operations from haiti to the coast of venuzuala, mainland of central america, cayman islands, jamaica. continued anti-spanish strategy in caribbean, - hostile to spain+laudianism - overall powerful vehicle for dissent - level of influence: considerable financial resources and high birth, big political network puritans i.e. warwick, saye, brooke, holland, pam, thomas barrington, benjamin rudyard, nathaniel rich, richard nightley

Answer 60

- lord saye and sele (same guy) encouraged opposition of john hampten, respectable gentleman. -heard before exchequers court. did not deny paying tax, but challenged non-parliamentary taxation and whether king had the right to ask for it in ‘danger’ or assert what was justified as ‘danger’. no danger but ship building took time so pre-empting need to attack. —> 5 judges ruled in hampdens favour…draws attention to the issue and reporting slowing of payment pre verdict. - superficial lack of opposition (crown won, hampten payed, not violating judicial system). - however hampten was a vehicle to legitimise the anti tax sentiment that was manifested as ‘foot dragging’ by others. evident that opposition permeated all levels of society widely. -support from above + below. cust: case made opposition “more violent” and “more determined” as a result of “shift”

Answer 61

“tax revolt” 1639-40: % of tax collected fell from 91-25 by 1939 (tb 62), collected very slowly. braddick: level of administrative participation and elaborated consciousness of legal matters, and unwillingness of sheriffs to take office. dangerous to bluntly oppose tax, this was a quiet form of open rebellion.

Answer 62

Scotland visit in 1635 shocked charles due to lack propriety in conducting church services/lack of ceremony reciprocated feeling from scots tried to impose new prayer book on people. touched a nerve as intrusive on religious practice, seen as absolutist given lack of contact with parliament council/general assembly of kirk —> 23 july 1637: st giles cathedral in edinburgh, jenny gedes throws stool. those present ranged from privy councillors to bishops. shows extent of resentment across all levels of laymen and clergy. <— not purely religious grievance either. braddick is acutely aware of charles’ reactive handling of sensitive issues. ignored warning of scottish bishops, offends them and makes scottish privy make it illegal not to buy it! (A12.5)

Answer 63

Bishops Wars Tables formed, and national covenant signed in 1538. Recognised parliament/kirt/presbytarianism Parliament summoned, general kirk assembly summoned, bishops abolished in Nov 1638 Durston: presbytarianism direct opposition to Charles’ authority, step towards abolishing hereditary monarchy March 1639 Charles establishes headquarters in York, 20 000 men, poor: Earl of Northumberland: The people through all England are so generally discontented, by reason of the multitude of projects daily imposed on them, that I think there is reason to fear that a great part of them will be readier to join the Scots than to draw their swords in the Kings service”. 18th June 1939, Pacification of Beswick: Reaffirmed abolition of episcopacy and new parliament alternative government Needed money to fight this, but Parliament grievances were plentiful after 11 years. Feb 1540- April “short parliament” Army of 25 000 August 1640 sidestepped at newburn, captured newcastle

Answer 64

- Charles managed to alienate both the New and Old English, and caused anger at religious reforms - --> June 1640, Irish Parliament senses weakness in Stratford and cuts subsidies/ restores disenfranchised Catholic boroughs - Charles appoints Earl of Cork (enemy) to privy council - -> Irish-Catholic alliance at third session of Parliament. Remonstrance of November 1640 was damning report on arbitrary nature of Stratford's rule, especially misuse of Court(s) of Star Chamber and High Commission

Answer 65

- Opposition to the Personal Rule in Scotland was severe enough to cause Charles to call another Parliament, which he was extremely reluctant to do, and eventually face the grievances of the people in the Long Parliament of November 1640 - John Morrill: The 'coiled spring effect' shows that despite the rarity of instances of open defiance, there was considerable opposition when the chance to express it became known (short parliament, Scotland, the Tax Revolt) - Concentrated group of individuals high in society with good political awareness and extremely influential (ie Providence Island Company) - Russel: Just because rating disputes were simply rating disputes, that doesn't mean they weren't serious - Ibid: Tax Revolt against ship money shows that calm was deceptive

Answer 66

- Serious opposition constituted a numerical minority - England was not on the edge of revolution in 1637 - Sharpe sees ship money rating disputes as just rating disputes - Opposition operated through Petition and Council. It was contained inside the system - Braddick thinks that though the public was critical and well informed, the were not unmanageable - If people felt disillusioned, they seldom voiced it in Public (at least before 1637)

Answer 67

“covert” opposition under “deceptive calm”

Answer 68

"...uncompromising nature of the royal policies after 1629 steadily drove more and more of the silent majority into the arms of the opposition"

Answer 69

- National Covenant and presbyterianism showed complete disregard for Charles' prerogative - Forced Charles to end the Personal Rule and make concessions to Parliament - Forced Charles and Stratford to rely on Catholic Irish/Spanish support - Financial weakness and dependence on Ireland created a three kingdoms problem - MPs such as Lord Brooke had Covenanter contacts, and many undoubtably held Scottish sympathies due to their opposition to Laud's reforms. Shows 'Multiple Kingdoms" relationship

Answer 70

- Book of Orders were effective - Ship money was paid, if grudgingly - Early 1630s were calm and quiet - Hampden's case and the political climate that came with it was "far from threatening" - Don't underestimate diligence to Ship Money and loyalty in general as late as 1639-40 - Youth of the Royalists in 1642 suggests that Charles' support base was more mature - Some religious tension but it did not threaten revolt

Answer 71

- Book of Orders had limited significance - Clive Holmes sees Charles as trampling on the rights of the people when he drained fenland - Failure of the exact milita - Collinson: Laud was the "greatest calamity ever visited upon the CofE - Cope: Small amount of active resistance doesn't mean passive resistance wasn't major - Hyde: Forest fines damaged Charles' relationship with his subjects there - Hirst: Rating disputes were camouflage for opposition - Morril: Just because Charles acted within the law, the doesn't make him any less of a tyrant (as Sharpe has suggested)

Answer 72

"Small amount of active resistance should be viewed as the tip of a large passive iceberg" (1987)