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History: England 1625-1660 > SECTION D: Settlements and Execution > Flashcards

SECTION D: Settlements and Execution Flashcards

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1
Q

July 1646

A
  • Newcastle propositions are sent to Charles I
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2
Q

October 1646

A
  • Parliament passes ordinance abolishing episcopacy
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3
Q

30th January 1647 (one event)…Scots donate something

A
  • 30th: Scots hand Charles I to Parliament
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4
Q

25th May 1647…Parliament pisses off someone?

A

-25th: Parliament orders army to disband

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5
Q

June 1647: Kidnap, who and what follows?

A
  • 4th: King is kidnapped by army

- 14th: Declaration of the Army is issued

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6
Q

July 1647…Something presented by ____ to ____ and ____ gets invaded

A
  • 23rd: Heads of Proposals presented to Charles I

26th: Crowd in support of Presbyterian leaders invades Parliament

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7
Q

6th August 1647____ occupies ____

A

-6th: The army occupies London

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8
Q

October 1647: ______ of the _____ issued and the ______ debates discuss it

A
  • 28th: The Agreement of the People is issued

- 28th-Nov 5th: The Putney Debates on the Agreement of the People

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9
Q

November 1647: Escape from _____ to _____(of)______ + a mutiny at _____ ______

A
  • 11th: Charles escapes from Hampton Court to the Isle of Wight
  • 15th: Cromwell puts down a mutiny at Corkbush field
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10
Q

December 1647 ______ vs ______, Charles picks ______

A
  • 24th: Parliament presents the Four Bills to Charles I

- 26th: Charles concludes the Engagement with the Scots

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11
Q

3rd January 1648: vote ___ ____ ____

A

-3rd: The Vote of No Addresses is passed

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12
Q

March-July 1648

A

-Series of risings directed at Parliamentarian ‘tyranny’

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13
Q

29th April 1648

A

-29th: Army prayer meeting is held at Windsor Castle

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14
Q

August 1648: Battle of _____ is the last of the civil war, and as a result of ______ victory, something gets repealed?

A
  • 17th-19th: The Battle of Preston takes place

- 24th: The Vote of No Addresses is repealed (removed/reversed)

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15
Q

18th-27th September-November 1648: Final attempt by Parliament to negotiate?

A

-18th-27th: The Treaty of Newport, Parliaments final attempt to find settlement with Charles I, fails

Terms:

  • Charles agrees to surrender militia for 20 years
  • Religion was the ‘stumbling block’ (Gentles) as Charles could not accept the Presbyterian Church that had already been established in August
  • -> Charles wanted to wait for Ormond to conclude his alliance with Confederate Catholics in Ireland
  • —–> Prolonged negotiations by refusing to swear Solemn League and Covenant, restitution of his revenues and an Act of Oblivion for both sides
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16
Q

20th November 1648: ________ presented to ______

A

-20th: The Remonstrance of the Army is presented to Parliament

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17
Q

5th December 1648: Vote to ________ is passed

A

5th: The Commons vote by 129 to 83 to continue to negotiate with Charles

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18
Q

6th December 1649: ____ _____

A

-6th: Pride’s Purge takes place

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19
Q

14th December 1648-13th January 1649 : ______ debates

A
  • Whitehall Debates on the Agreement of the People are held
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20
Q

January 1649: Regicidal stuff….

A
  • 6th: The Rump establishes a High Court of Justice
  • 10th: Trial of Charles I opens
  • 20th: Charles I is executed
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21
Q

What were the Newcastle Propositions? July 1646

A

Background:

  • Presented to Charles in July 1646
  • Devised by the Political Presbyterians
  • Far more detail than Nineteen Propositions of 1642

Terms:

  • Continue Triennial Act
  • Parliament to appoint 13 ministers, thus controlling appointments to offices of State
  • Parliament to control Militia for 20 years
  • Episcopacy abolished, Presbyterian church to be established for three years
  • 58 Royalists will not be pardoned, 48 will be removed from office for life
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22
Q

How did Charles respond to the Newcastle Propositions of July 1646?

A
  • Charles said he needed time to consider such a complex issue
  • Charles hoped that by prevaricating (playing for peace) he could allow his victors to divide. This, he hoped, would cause them either to be vulnerable to attack, or to determine they needed a monarch again
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23
Q

Divisions in the victorious, anti-royalist alliance

A
  • Parliament and the Scots were on the edge in 1646, divided on the matter of who guarded the King and religion
  • National League and Covenant 1643 stipulated that a Presbyterian church based on the Scottish Kirk must be established
  • Parliament recognised that such a church would alienate many in England
  • -> Parliament creates a Presbyterian church, but one which is subordinate to the state
  • -> Contemporary observer dismisses it as “a lame Erastian Presbytery”
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24
Q

Divisions in the victorious: Parliament and the NMA

A
  • “Antagonistic” (Seel) relationship in 1646-7
  • Soldiers uneasy about political and religious settlement being sought with King
  • Large army no longer needed, many would be paid off and many were in arrears waiting on a backlog of pay
  • –> Army Revolt, 1647
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25
Q

Divisions in the victorious: Scots and the NMA

A
  • Many soldiers believed they were fighting for liberty of religious conscience, whilst the national church the Scots proposed would result in religious uniformity
  • Cromwell alleged to have said he would have drawn sword against the Scots as readily as against any other army
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26
Q

Internal divisions in the victorious elements: The Scots

A
  • Growing reaction against the Covenanters
  • Defeat of Covenanters in Ireland in June 1646
  • Some Royalist Scots were still present
  • In 1648, these divisions would impact England
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27
Q

Internal divisions in the victorious elements: Parliament

A
  • Growing rift between Independents and Presbyterians
  • Presbyterians, the dominant group in Parliament when Charles was defeated, wanted to settle with the King as soon as possible
  • -> The more the King prevaricated = the weaker the Presbyterian position
  • —–> Recruiter (now called by-elections) elections saw independents voted in in 1646-7
  • Position strengthened again when Scots agree to leave England for £400 000. Departure of unsettling element
  • –> Charles handed over to Parliament
  • Presbyterians now felt strong enough to try and dismantle the army
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28
Q

Provocation by Parliament of the army, leading to the Army Revolt April-June 1647

A

Provocation

  • Parliament planned to send 12 400 to Ireland, keep 6400 in England and dismiss the rest
  • At first, no mention of arrears of pay (18 weeks for infantry, 43 for cavalry) and none of immunity for actions undertaken in military service
  • –> Complaints
  • ——> Parliament offers 8 weeks of pay
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29
Q

Events of the Army Revolt, April-June 1647

A
  • Consequence
  • Army refuses to disband on 29th May
  • 500 lead by Cornet Joyce kidnap Charles I from Holdenby House and take him to Newmarket
  • Army establish General Council of Offices
  • Army marches towards London
  • 14th June, General Council of Army issues Declaration of the Army: says not merely a mercenary army and demands Parliament be purged of 11 leading Presbyterians
  • 11 Members (inc Denzil Holles) flee
  • 26th July, pro-Presbyterians invade Parliament
  • –> 11 members return
  • —–> Tension = 60 Independent MPs take refuge with army
  • 5th August, Army occupies London and reinstates MPs ^
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30
Q

Internal divisions in the victorious elements: The Army

A
  • Internal division between rank and file and grandees (scornful term for generals and senior officers, coined by Levellers and Agitators)
  • Soldiers feared officers would soften the army’s position in order to reach a settlement with Charles
  • Agitators (not in the modern sense) were elected representatives of each regiment in order to present demands, through officers, to Parliament
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31
Q

The Heads of Proposals

A

Background:
23rd July 1647
-Presented to Charles I by the Grandees (see army revolt 1647)

Terms:

  • Triennial Act repealed in favour of Biennial (every two years) Parliaments
  • Parliament to nominate ministers, thus controlling appointments to offices of state, for a decade
  • Parliament to control militia for a decade
  • Bishops to remain but with limited power. Greater religious tolerance
  • Seven royalists excluded from general pardon
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32
Q

Why did Charles’ strategy of divide and rule seem to be working by 1647?

A
  • Conflict of opinion between victorious parties and internal divisions
  • Army revolt
  • Different peace terms being offered by different parties, Charles now had flexibility to confer with who he pleased
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33
Q

What was the Agreement of the People?

A

Background:

  • 28th October 1647
  • More radical than the previous two (Newcastle Propositions, Heads of Proposals)
  • Drawn up by the Levellers

Proposals:

  • Parliament is sovereign in all but five areas
  • In these five areas, such as exempting people from the law of the land and religious matters, the people were to be sovereign
  • Effectively arguing for a democratic republic
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34
Q

Why did the Agreement of the People cause conflict in the army

A
  • Agreement of the People was discussed at length by the General Council of Officers at Putney
  • Debates took place between 28th October and 5th November 1647
  • Heated debate between Leveller advocation of universal male suffrage (all men might vote) and the Grandees, Henry Ireton saying instead that the vote should only be given to men with property
  • –>Mutinous behaviour at Corkbush field
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35
Q

Events at Corkbush Field

A

15th November 1647

  • Army rendezvous
  • Some soldiers wore the Agreement of the People in their hats
  • Additional slogan: “England’s Freedom, Soldiers’ Rights”
  • Two regiments should not have been there
  • -> Cromwell swiftly arrests ringleaders and shoots one of them
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36
Q

Charles’ escape from army control 1647

A

11th November 1647

  • Charles escapes from Hampton Court and reaches the Isle of White
  • Now staying at Carisbrooke Castle
  • Now approached by envoys from Parliament and the Scots
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37
Q

The Four Bills and Charles’ reaction

A

Background:

  • 24th December 1647
  • Drawn up by Parliament
  • Presented to the King on the Isle of Wight
  • Similar to Newcastle Propositions

Terms:

  • Parliament controls militia for 20 years
  • All King’s proclamations against Parliament to be annulled
  • cancellation of peerages (English system of hereditary titles) conferred since start of the Civil War
  • Parliament could adjourn (go to) to whichever place it wished
  • 58 exempt from general pardon, 48 dismissed for life
  • Presbyterian church for three years

—> Rejected by Charles I

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38
Q

The Scottish Engagement December 1647

A

Background:

  • 26th December 1647
  • Presented to Charles by Scots whilst he was on the Isle of Wight
  • Parliament had just proposed The Four Bills on the 24th
  • Threat to Scottish church came from Independents, making Charles a more natural ally than Parliament had been in 1643

Terms:

  • Presbyterianism introduced to England for three years
  • Military support granted by the anti-Covenanting Scottish faction
  • -> Charles accepts terms
  • —-> Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses on 3rd January 1648
  • Inadvertently extinguishes opposition, driving independents and Royalists back together to defeat the revived Royalist threat
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39
Q

Vote of No Addresses 1648

A
  • 3rd January 1648
  • Parliamentary bill forbidding any further negotiations with Charles
  • Later repealed on 24th August 1648
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40
Q

Why was there no negotiated settlement with the King from 1646-47

A
  • King’s conscience would not allow him to yield to terms that challenged his prerogative
  • Letters from time suggest he was already resolved on martyrdom
  • Continued levy of excise and assessment, heavy handedness of county committees (set up on both sides to deal with local military forces, taxes, sequestration)
  • Very little agreement in victors over peace terms. I.e Presbyterian church would please Scots and Presbyterians, but alienate independents
  • Division in and between victorious elements encouraged Charles to continue to attempt his ‘divide and rule’ strategy
  • Charles believed “you cannot be without me”
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41
Q

Rebellion and War in 1648

A
  • Scots were preparing to invade England again
  • Kent, Essex, south-west England and south wales saw frequent uprisings
  • Economic grievances: Bad harvests at high prices, high wartime taxation continued, interference of central gvt.
  • County revolts were uncoordinated so failed
42
Q

Battle of Preston 17th-19th August 1648 : Charles’ attempt to regain initiative (take power before others do)

A
  • Scottish Army are defeated at Battle of Preston 17-19th August.
    (i) Due to NMA but also weakness of Royalist cause- suggests ideology had a part to play?
    (ii) Engagement highly controversial in Scotland
    (iii) Ineptitude of James Hamilton
43
Q

Why was the Engagement highly controversial in Scotland?

A
  • Hard-line Covenanters could not support an engagement that instituted a Presbyterian Church in England for only three years
44
Q

Why were Charles’ attempts to regain the initiative (take control before others do) in 1648 a watershed for attitudes towards Charles?

A
  • People believed that God had provided a verdict with Charles’ defeat in the first Civil War
  • People saw Charles’ renewed efforts through the Scots in 1648 as an attempt to overturn that verdict, and thus going against the word of God
  • April 1648, prayer meeting at Windsor, army resolves “to call Charles Stuart, that man of blood, to an account for the blood he has shed, and the mischief he has done”
45
Q

Key quote from Windsor prayer meeting, 29th April 1648

A
  • Army resolves “to call Charles Stuart, that man of blood, to an account for the blood he has shed, and the mischief he has done”
46
Q

How did Charles respond to the army’s renewed attempts to negotiate with him with the repeal of the Vote of No Address on August 24th 1648

A
  • Parliament reopens negotiations with Charles at Newport (Treaty of Newport):
    Terms:
    -Charles agrees to surrender militia for 20 years
  • Religion was the ‘stumbling block’ (Gentles) as Charles could not accept the Presbyterian Church that had already been established in August
    –> Charles wanted to wait for Ormond to conclude his alliance with Confederate Catholics in Ireland
    ——> Prolonged negotiations by refusing to swear Solemn League and Covenant, restitution of his revenues and an Act of Oblivion for both sides
  • ————–> 27th Oct
  • Charles, as usual, prevaricates
  • –> Charles’ stalling gives the army grandees a chance to forumlate their position and present a Remonstrance
47
Q

The army’s Remonstrance

A
  • 28th November 1648
  • Describes Charles as “capital and grand author of all our troubles” who had neglected his coronation oath to defend the people’s rights and liberties
  • Rejects prospect of any continued talks
  • Aligned with Leveller ideas, and asks for a draft of a new constitution based on the Agreement of the People
  • -> The army again marches towards London
48
Q

How did Parliament react to the army’s Remonstrance, and what was the consequence?

A
  • After presenting the Remonstrance on the 28th November 1648, the army marches towards London
  • 5th: The Commons vote by 129 to 83 to continue to negotiate with Charles, ignoring the Remonstrance
  • –> Prides Purge on the 6th December
49
Q

Prides Purge

A

-6th December 1648
- Colonel Pride leads purge of the Commons
- of 507 MPs, 47 are arrested, 186 secluded (removed or seperated), 86 withdrew in protest, 80 withdraw but return in February
- What was left became the RUMP PARLIAMENT
—> Remaining 70 MPs establish a High Court of Justice on 6th January 1649 to try Charles
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- Debate as to whether this made the execution of Charles a matter of time, or not. David Underdown compellingly argues that the army Grandees wanted to call elections
- “asserted the superior power of the army” - Seel

50
Q

High Court of Justice

A
  • Established 6th January 1649
  • Commons claimed authority to speak for the English people, Lords do not support the move
  • 135 commissioners, including 29 army officers, among them Cromwell
51
Q

Which group was dominant in Parliament in 1645 and early 1646

A

Independents

  • Agressive approach to winning the war
  • Outspoken criticism of Scots were popular and widespread, especially in the North
52
Q

Why did the power balance in Parliament shift from Independent–> Presbyterian in 1646?

A
  • Presbyterians offered best chances of returning to peacetime normality -
  • Independents were too closely associated with the NMA
  • Independents had deprived city of London of control of the trained bands, which was unpopular
  • Presbyterian opposition to gathered churches was widespread
  • Presbyterians seemed most likely to negotiate with King, and in sending the Scots home they removed another threat to that possibility
  • –> Presbyterain success is county council elections
53
Q

Why was the NMA unpopular with many in 1646?

A
  • “expensive, idle military machine” (Gentles)
  • –> Harder to collect the assessment to pay them
  • —–> Army became more dependent on free quarter (taking from civilians)
  • More aggressive behaviour included sexual predation and theft of horses and livestock
54
Q

Demands made by the Army in the revolt of 1647

A
  • Indemnity against prosecution (immunity)
  • Right to Petition (Declaration of Dislike prevented this)
  • Reform (Royalist purge)
  • Religious toleration
  • Army pensions for war widows and disabled soldiers
  • Quartering (soldiers staying in civilian houses) curbed
55
Q

What was the Declaration of Dislike?

A
  • March 1647, condemns soldier’s petitions to Parliament as treasonous
56
Q

What, and who, were the Levellers?

A
  • “The most important radical group to appear during the English revolution” - Coward

Key figures:

  • John Lilburne
  • John Wildman
  • William Walwyn
  • Richard Overton

Key MP sympathisers:
Thomas Rainsborowe and Henry Marten

What did they do?

  • Published pamphlets such as “Regal Tyranny Discovered”
  • Summer and Autumn of 1647, collaborated with army agitators
  • Central to drawing up the Agreement of the Peopl
  • Newspaper called ‘The Moderate’
  • Gathered signatures for petitions, organised mass demonstrations in support of their causes*

See separate card for political ideas

57
Q

Ideas of the Levellers

A
  • Constitutional Reform (laid out in The Agreement of the People)
  • All men equal, constitution be founded on the consent of the people
  • House of Commons to be supreme legislature
  • Biennial elections and redistribution of seats
  • Parliament’s power limited in two ways:
    (i) Religious toleration
    (ii) All equal before the law
    (iii) local officials (magistrates and JPs) to be elected
    (iv) Extended localism: local law courts/militias to replace central courts and army respectively
  • Abolition of monopolies
  • Fundamental judicial reform
58
Q

Conflicting views on the significance of the Levellers

A

School one(Contemporary, 80s): Only significant at time due to ideologically driven concerns of left wing historians

School two (revisionist): Well connected radicals at the centre of the English revolution. Consider genuine thought given to Leveller’s radical solutions (Agreement of the People)

59
Q

Change in composition of the NMA in 1647

A
  • April/May, 57 officers left NMA
  • -> New officers had humbler origins. Changing social perception of the NMA
  • By June, 57% of original officers had left NMA
60
Q

Putney Debates, what was discussed? -28th October-9th November

Agreement of the People

A
  • Day one, Agreement of the People produced by Levellers
  • -> At Cromwell’s suggestion, a committee was appointed to consider if the Agreement was compatible with the army’s engagements (declaration of 14th June and the Heads of the Proposals)
  • -> Omitted idea of written constitution, but retained idea of unalterable fundamentals
  • Henry Ireton concerned that people to be represented in constituencies by population, not tax, so those without land could vote
  • –> Rainsborough advocated for universal male suffrage
61
Q

Putney Debates, what was discussed? -28th October-9th November

Control of the Army

A
  • London radicals attacked the army
  • rank and file not happy with Grandees
  • -> Never overt challenge to Grandees, but did cause unease
62
Q

Putney Debates, what was discussed? -28th October-9th November

The King

A
  • Previously to the debates, already some such as civillian Leveller John Wildman who wished to see Charles, “that man of blood”, tried and executed
  • Heated debate on November 1st about how much voice the King should have
  • Committee examining the Agreement did not include cross comparison with clauses in the Heads of Proposals that said the King would be stripped of administrative control for only 10 years; this was a very contentious issue
63
Q

Putney Debates, what was discussed? -28th October-9th November

The Committee’s report and the aftermath of the debates

A
  • Decided that no further concessions should be made to King
  • No resolution on terms to be put to the King are apparent
  • Army leaders convinced that open opposition to the King needs to finish
  • Fairfax ordered three seperate rendezvous rather than have them all in one place
  • -> Levellers and Royalists tried to stir up the soldiers
  • —-> 400 soldiers attempted to return King to Whitehall
  • —-> Mutinous regiments at Ware
  • ———–> Fairfax proposes army Remonstrance to redress grievances and create unity. One mutineer shot by other two
  • Levellers had failed to take over army to implement their reforms, owing to Grandees resolution and army’s solidarity
  • Grandees tighten control, paying off 20 000 provided opportunity to weed out dissenting elements in army (Royalists, Levellers, Presbyterians)
64
Q

Role of Fairfax in the Putney Debates

A
  • Inspected men at Ware, removing copies of the Agreement from men’s hats
  • Rounded up mutineers and organised execution of one at random by his fellows
65
Q

Role of Ireton in the Putney Debates

A
  • Cautioned against universal male suffrage, saying only those with land should vote
  • Ireton did not wish to see the Lords and the King entirely diminished
66
Q

Role of the Levellers in the Putney Debates

A
  • Condemned Cromwell and the army Generals for dispersing the army to different parts of the country, not purging parliament, not aiding the people and ‘sucking up’ (Gentles) to the King
  • Created Agreement of the People
  • Condemned negotiation with the King
  • Won over General Council, telling them to cut all future negotiations with King
67
Q

Role of Cromwell in the Putney Debates

A
  • Cromwell appointed committee to oversee the Agreement’s examinitation
  • Cromwell agreed with the agitators that political sovereignty should be with the people
  • Pacified Ireton and Rainborowe’s debates on suffrage
  • Recognised risk when Levellers had control of the General Council and sent Generals/Agitators home
  • Creates army Remonstrance to encourage army unity
68
Q

Scotland and the North in the Second Civil War

A

Origins

  • Scots had not been consulted about The Four Bills proposed to the King on December 24th 1647
  • Scots enter Engagement with the 26th, allying the anti-Covenanters with the King in the hope that Charles can defend the Scottish church

Developments

  • 28/04/1648, Scottish Royalists seize Burwick Castle. Taken by 29th
  • 8th July, Hamilton leads 9000 men over border, 18 000 by 14th

End
Culminated in Preston, 17-20th July, Scottish surrender

69
Q

East Anglia in the Second Civil War

A

Origins:

  • Abolition of Christmas
  • Issue of Directory Worship
  • Widespread discontent with regime

Developments:

  • Norwich ignored 2nd petition to uphold abolition of Xmas
  • -> Mayor summoned to Parliament to explain inaction
  • —-> Town bars gates on April 23rd 1648 to prevent him leaving
  • Rumours that troopers were coming
  • –> Raid town arsenal and garrison
  • Further risings in Colchester, Chelmsford
  • Rebel leaders pursued by Fairfax + NMA to Colchester
  • –> Siege
  • Preston defeat
  • –> Rebels surrender on August 29th 1648
70
Q

London and Kent (South East) in the Second Civil War

A

Origins:
- Abolition of Christmas

Developments:
- Pro-Christmas rioting
- Parliament receives petition of 30 000 for NMA to disband on 24th May 1648 from Essex. Kent and Surrey follow suit
11th May, NMA reach Chepstow in time for Xmas rioters to be freed by Jury
-29th May 1648 , 10 000 riot on Burnham Heath

End

  • Fairfax takes sizeable force to crush revolt
  • Hear of revolt crushed by June 1st
71
Q

The Navy in the Second Civil War

A

Rebellion in Kent 1648

  • -> Officers in some ports allowed rebels to commandeer their ships
  • Dock officials in Chatham revelled, ships there joined the rebellion
  • Mutineers control all the ships in the Downs, professing not to be Royalists but that they endorsed a deal with the King
  • Earl of Warwick, first Civil War admiral, set out to talk to rebels, slowing progress of rebellion
  • Did not attract loyalty of all the fleet
  • Sailed to Holland, took command under Charles Prince of Wales
  • Batten joined Charles, who was disliked by Royalist leaders as he was Presbyterian
  • Royalists despised turncoats (people who switch allegiance) and sailors despising Royalist commanders
  • –> Effectiveness of fleet was drastically diminished
72
Q

Wales in the Second Civil War

A
  • §648
  • Cnl. John Poyer investigated for refusing to surrender Pembrookshire castle until arrears were paid
  • Capitalised on by Royalist propaganda
  • -> Many soldiers joined, united by their grievances. They drove Flemming (NMA) out of Pembrookshire
  • 8000 men Gathered with Poyer
  • Flemming killed
  • Horton’s troops more successful, 8th May near St Fagans
  • Parliament won due to troops inferior skills in battle
73
Q

How did Parliament respond to the Second Civil War?

A
  • Tried those who had taken part by court martial
  • Those who had surrendered and been given quarter in the first Civil War were seen as especially guilty
  • Some sent to the West Indies
  • Not happy about war being fought against Charles in its name
  • Repealed the Vote of No Address on 28th April
  • Proceedings against the 11 members dropped
  • 21st July, refuses to call Scotland an enemy
  • Hoped King would accept concessions with Presbyterian church, as no army could now contend with NMA
  • If Charles agreed, and returned to London, then the NMAs bloodlust might not withstand popular opinion in the King’s favour
74
Q

How did the Army respond to the Second Civil War

A
  • Resolved to bring Charles Stuart, ‘“that man of blood” to justice for the blood he had shed
  • Blood guilt, according to the Old Testament, could only be resolved with Blood punishment
75
Q

How did Cromwell respond to the Second Civil War

A
  • Seriously considered prospect of King being tried and executed
  • Saw his involvement as overturning God’s verdict in the Civil War
  • Wished Parliament to do the work of God ‘and not hate His people, who are the apple of His eye, and for whom even Kings shall be repealed’.
76
Q

Leveller petition of September 11th 1648

A

-Attacked renewal of negotiations with the King
- Argued that Commons should proclaim its supremacy over the King and the House of Lords
- Commons should proclaim supremacy over Lords and Key
- Wanted more regular army pay but lower tax? Fantasy?
- Accountability via annual elections
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- Levellers returning to centre of political stage
- Counterweight to London Presbyterians who supported negotiations
- Ireton, most outspoken critic at Putney, now supported them! Significant influence

77
Q

How did Parliament react to the Petition by the Levellers in September 1648?

A

-Petition ignored, so they proceed to negotiate with King at Newport, Isle of Wight, a week later

78
Q

The Newport Treaty and Charles’ reaction

A

18th September, at Newport, Isle of Wight
- Second War showed Parliament how unpopular it was, so sense of urgency to appeal to King again

Terms:

  • Charles agrees to surrender militia for 20 years
  • Religion was the ‘stumbling block’ (Gentles) as Charles could not accept the Presbyterian Church that had already been established in August
  • -> Charles wanted to wait for Ormond to conclude his alliance with Confederate Catholics in Ireland
  • —–> Prolonged negotiations by refusing to swear Solemn League and Covenant, restitution of his revenues and an Act of Oblivion for both sides

—————> 27th Oct

79
Q

Ireton’s attitudes towards the army Remonstrance?

A
  • Was not simply a ploy to distract the radicals whilst the Grandees conspired for regicide
  • Ireton made himself disliked when he invested himself so entirely in the document
  • Got his way on religious toleration (with exception of Papists and Anglicans)
80
Q

Very briefly, the chain of events that lead to Pride’s purge

A
  • Second Civil War showed unpopularity of Parliament’s gvt > Vote of No Address Repealed
    > Newport Treaty discussed
    > Remonstrance given to Parliament
    > Parliament reject remonstrance to continue negotiations
    > Pride’s purge
81
Q

Seel on the significance of Pride’s Purge

A
  • “It is inconceivable that this trial and the subsequent execution of Charles I would have occurred if the army had refrained from purging Parliament…”
82
Q

Role of religious radicals in Pride’s Purge

Brailsford

A
  • 40 000 signatures on Leveller’s petition 11th Septemver
  • Brailsford argues it “cut a channel for the main current of revolutionary opinion in the country and swept the army into action”
  • Caused army leaders to repopen negotiations with the Levellers, who then created committee for Agreement of the People as basis of new constitution
83
Q

Role of Ireton in Army Remonstrance and Pride’s Purge

A
  • Preserved coalition with London radicals
  • Wrote Remonstrance in 1648
  • In place of absent Cromwell and ill, diffident Fairfax (modest or shy, lacking self confidence)
  • Shows flexibility in aligning with the Levellers, despite the fact he previously opposed and antagonised them
  • Chose MPs to be arrested at Pride’s Purge
84
Q

Role of Cromwell in the Army Remonstrance and Pride’s Purge

A
  • Absent, but Gentles recognises that that does not mean he was not consulted
  • Sensitive nature of letters between Cromwell and Ireton mean that it is unsuprising none survived
  • Remonstrance reflects Cromwell’s thinking that Charles should be held to account for his sins against God
85
Q

Role of Levellers in Army Remonstrance and Pride’s Purge

A
  • 11th Sep Petition opened revolutionary current
  • Prompted others to deliver petitions to army and Parliament
  • Put them back at centre of political stage, encouraging army alliance with them
  • Wrote the Agreement of the People, the foundations of the Army Remonstrance
86
Q

Preparations for the trial of Charles I

A

23rd December: Charles brought back to Windsor
1 Jan: Commons ordinance to create a High Court of Jusice
–> Lords refuse to recognise
—–> 4th: Commons declare itself supreme power, no longer reliant on the King, let alone the Lords
6th High Court of Justice established, overseen by John Bradshaw
- Rump/Army already determined to execute “man of blood”

87
Q

Accusations at the Trial of Charles I 20th January 1649

A

Accused of:

  • Trying to overthrow rights and liberties of the people
  • War against Parliament (therefore people) and renewing it
  • Held to account for blood and disruption of conflict
  • “A tyrant, traitor, murderer, and a public enemy to the Commonwealth of England
88
Q

How did Charles plead and argue at his trial?

A
  • Charles refused to plead guilty or innocent, saying the court had no right to try him and asking “by what authority” they tried to
  • Happened on 22nd and 23rd January
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  • Charles said the assembly had no lawful right to try him
  • Charles said the kingdom was hereditary, not elected, and they had no right to amend or contest that
  • Charles said if laws can be made purely on the basis of physical power, then English liberties are in danger
  • “I am no ordinary criminal” - Charles
89
Q

Process of Charles’ Trial, commencing 20th January 1649

A
  • 20th, Accusations heard
  • 22-3rd, Attempts to extract a plea from Charles
  • 24-7th, Witnesses were heard, Charles not present
  • Sat 27th, Outcome and sentencing
90
Q

Charles’ sentencing, 27th January 1649

A
  • Having been promised the chance to make a speech before the verdict, Bradshaw refused him
  • Bradshaw tells Charles he assumes that Charles knows “what God Himself hath said concerning the shedding of man’s blood”
  • Sentenced. Accusations upheld, and he was to be put to death by the severing of the head from the body
91
Q

Charles’ execution, 30th January 1649

A
  • Made speech at 2pm on Scaffold
  • Claimed:
    (i) Never started war
    (ii) Wished for his people to have freedom, but under a monarchy
    (iii) Country now governed “by the power of the sword”
    (iv) He died a Christian, according to the profession of the CoE
    (v) Forgave those who killed him, he died a martyr
  • Crowd made “such a groan as I never heard before, and I desire I may never hear again” - Philip Henry
92
Q

Gentles’ views on Cromwell’s actions around the King’s death, and his reasons for supporting it

A
  • Cromwell remaining North was not an indication that he was unsure of how to deal with the King
  • Evidence
    i) April prayer meeting, determined that Charles was “man of blood”
    ii) Engagement with Bulstrode Whitelocke and others on settlement was facade whilst army got on with real agenda
    iii) Assisted in Remonstrance’s composition
    iv) Tried to implicate Charles in Hamilton’s invasion of England by interrogating him
    v) Combatted Presbyterian demonstrations in favour of King
    vi) “We shall behead the King with his Crown still on his head”
93
Q

Why did Cromwell want Charles executed?

A
  • Pressure from army
  • Charles’ refusal to abandon Scottish interest after defeat in first war overturned God’s judgement
  • Danger from Marquess of Ormond and his Irish popish army/Charles’ refusal to command Ormond to desist from military preparations
94
Q

Why was Charles I executed on Jan 20th 1649? - lack of suitable alternatives

A
  • Charles would not accept abdication or exile

- If Charles was imprisoned, he would be the target of Royalist revolts

95
Q

Why was Charles I executed on Jan 20th 1649? - Charles’ actions

A
  • Uncompromising
    (i) Had rejected all terms offered
    (ii) Could not accept abolition of episcopacy
    (iii) As late as September 1648 with Newport negotiations, Charles refused to accept Presbyterian church even when it had been established that April
  • Duplicity: “Chronic duplicity” (Durston)
    (i) Engaged with Scots after first engagement
    (ii) Conspiring with Scots (Hamilton) and Irish (Ormond)
    (iii) Multiple escape attempts to Isle of Wight and other places
  • Going against God
    (i) Old testament: Numbers 35, 33 says ‘for blood defieth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it”
    (ii) Defied God’s verdict by fighting the Second Civil War
  • Trial:
    (i) Refused to enter plea, made guilt/execution inevitable
96
Q

Why was Charles I executed on Jan 20th 1649? - The Second Civil War

A
  • Charles’ Engagement with Scots showed him to be untrustworthy
  • Seen as an attempt to overturn God’s judgement from the first Civil War
97
Q

Why was Charles I executed on Jan 20th 1649? - The Army

A
  • Army had been resolute from as early as April 1648 to try Charles
  • Army remonstrance
  • Pride’s Purge made High Court of Justice Possible
98
Q

Why was Charles I executed on Jan 20th 1649? - Three Kingdoms

A
  • Engagement with Scotland implicated Charles in crimes against the State
  • Renewed attempts to engage with Irish popish army under Ormond. Refused to tell Ormond to desist from making military preparations
99
Q

Why was Charles I executed on Jan 20th 1649? - Charles as a “man of blood”

A
  • (i) Old testament: Numbers 35, 33 says ‘for blood defieth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it”
100
Q

11 Members

A
  • Removed from Parliament June 14th
  • Rank+File irritated at their obstinance, demand settling of arrears
  • Grandees (and independents) irritated at their approach of Charles/discussion of presbyterian religious settlement
  • Readmitted by Mob 26th July
  • Impeachment attempts dropped after second civil war (April)
101
Q

War VS Peace: Cromwell VS Holles and Heads vs 19 Propositions

A

Differences in the 19 Propositions and Heads of Proposals?
-Episcopacy abolished, Presbyterian church to be established for three years
VS
- Bishops to remain with limited powers - greater religious toleration

War Vs Peace parties?

  • Holles was leader of the peace party and saw the King as indespensible. He was willing to negotiate a presbyterian settlement with him to keep the King
  • Cromwell led the war party and opposed presbyterianism
  • Ireton opposed Scottish interference

History: England 1625-1660 (7 decks)

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